중소기업 중심경제와 중소기업 정책 혁신
SME-led Economic Growth and Innovation of SME Policy
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초록
한국은 1970년대 경제개발을 추진하면서 한정된 자원을 배분하고자 효율을 중시했다. 정부의 선택과 집중은 불가피했는데 대기업, 중화학공업, 수출이 선택과 집중의 대상이었다. 즉, 한국경제는 대기업이 중화학공업 제품을 만들어 수출하는 전략을 구사했다. 여기서 중소기업은 대기업이 필요로 하는 중간재를 생산·납품하는 보조역할을 수행했다. 생산에 필요한 대기업과 중소기업의 수직계열화가 만들어졌다. 생산의 수직계열화는 수출을 통해 달러가 들어오면 분배의 기능도 수행했다. 이로써 대기업 중심의 생산과 분배 그리고 경제순환이 완성됐다. 최근 한국경제는 소득불평등이 확대하는 추세이다. 소득불평등의 원인을 산업정책에서 찾을 수 있다. 한국경제는 산업화 초기부터 대기업에 선택과 집중을 했다. 이로 인해 대기업과 중소기업의 생산성 격차, 근로자 임금 격차, 소득불평등이 연쇄적으로 발생했다. 따라서 격차와 불평등은 시장실패가 아니라 정책에 의한 정부실패임을 알 수 있다. 이제 대기업 중심의 경제에서 벗어나 중소기업 중심의 경제를 구축해야 한다. 중소기업 중심경제는 중소기업이 정책의 대상이 되고, 경제의 성장, 분배, 순환의 중심역할을 수행하는 것이다. 이를 위해 정책 패러다임을 보호와 육성에서 협업과 글로벌화로 바꿔야 한다. 또한, 중소기업 중심경제가 성공을 하려면 중소기업 정책의 혁신이 필요한데 정책을 이윤창출형과 생계유지형으로 이원화하고, 맞춤형 지원이 가능해야 하며, 인센티브 방식을 통해 기업 스스로 성장하는 기반을 구축해야 한다.
Abstract
Korea put emphasis on efficiency while promoting economic development in the 1970s. The government has been committed to selection and concentration to efficiently allocate limited resources. Large companies, heavy chemical industries, and exports were strategic targets for achieving economic growth. In addition, the government took the lead in finding out what to make in accordance with industrial policy. The growth strategy of the Korean economy is that big companies lead and export heavy chemical products. As a result, SMEs played a supporting role in producing and delivering intermediate goods needed by large enterprises. Vertical integration of large enterprises and SMEs has been created. The vertical integration thus constructed became a path for distribution when the dollar came in through exports. As a result, economic growth, distribution and circulation centered on large enterprises were completed. Recently, the income inequality in the Korean economy is increasing. The causes of income inequality can be found in the industrial policy of choice and concentration. Choice and concentration for large enterprises led to productivity gaps between large and small enterprises, wage gap in workers, and income inequality. Ultimately, the way to resolve income inequality is to build an economy centered on SMEs, away from the economy centered on large enterprises. As in the past, SME-centered economies are at the center of policy objectives, with SMEs playing a central role in the growth, distribution and circulation of the economy. To this end, the policy paradigm of protection and upbringing should be transformed into collaboration and globalization. In addition, SME-led economic growth requires innovation of SME policy to succeed. First, the SME policy should be diverted into a profit generating type and a livelihood type. It is necessary to change the system so that the function and object of the policy are harmonized and customized support. And we must boldly introduce an incentive system to grow themselves instead of government subsidies.
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