17세기, 인⋅숙종기의 산수화―明 前期 宮廷繪畵의 영향을 중심으로―

Abstract

This is a study of the relationship between the Zhe School paintings of the 17th century Joseon and the court paintings of early Ming, China. It has not been acknowledged so far but the Zhe School paintings of Joseon were influenced by the works of the lesser known court painters of early Ming instead of such painters as Dai Jin or Wu Wei who represent the Zhe School paintings of China. First of all, a thorough research among the written materials from the 17th century Joseon was made to list the Chinese painters who influenced the Zhe School paintings of Joseon. Such names as Wang E(王諤), Wang Shi-chang(王世昌), Zhu Duan(朱端), and Liu Jun(劉俊) were retrieved from the search. They were the court painters who were active in early Ming, and who were recognized by the Ming emperors as excellent painters, appointed to certain ranks in the Embroidered Uniform Guard(錦衣衛) and bestowed a seal by the emperor. As the ways the painting styles of the Ming court painters influenced the landscape paintings of the 17th century Joseon; Wang E influenced the landscape paintings of Yi Gyeongyoon(李慶胤), Yi Jing(李澄), and Jeon Chung-hyo(全忠孝). The so-called 'Wang E's Force' and 'Guo Xi's Talent' represented the ideal style of the landscapes of the 17th Century Joseon. It can be understood that Wang E's landscape style particularly meant the precipitous mountain range and the Ax-cut brushstrokes. Guo Xi's style was represented by the 'Cold forest and the Crab-nail brushstrokes' and the 'Level-distance View,' which had, in fact, been popular ever since the early Joseon period. Zhu Duan was evaluated highly even as to be referred to as the 'Best in Ming, China.'Zhu Duan's monumental composition and the free and powerful brushwork was the ultimate goal that Kim Myeong-guk(金明國) wanted to achieve in the 17th century Joseon. However, the name, Zhu Duan, was obliterated in the 18th century Joseon, and was replaced by the name, Wu Wei, instead. Also, Liu Jun and Wang Shichang continuously gave influence to the paintings of Joseon, which can be confirmed in the works of the court painters like Yang Giseong(梁箕星) and Jang Deukman(張得萬),active toward the end of the reign of King Sukjong. Yang Giseong and Jang Deukman maintained the overall framework of the Ming court paintings, but added the elements of the Southern School painting style, thus creating their own individualistic styles. They reflect the change of styles of the time. In China, as the Southern School painting theory prevailed the entire art world toward the end of Ming, the above mentioned court painters were devaluated. Their works were forged as those of the masters of Sung or Yuan, and drew back from the facade in the history of art. Such was also the case in the 18th century Joseon when the Southern School painting style dominated the art world. The landscape with 'Wang E's Force' disappeared and the name, Wang E, was obliterated. However, 'Guo Xi's Talent' which had been juxtaposed along with Wang E survived and continued to live on through the 19th century Joseon, probably because of the name Guo Xi of North Sung, China.