골굴 석굴과 인도 카를라 석굴의 비교고찰

Abstract

The story about the Silla Golgulsa cave-temple was found by Indian monk Gwangyu might be formed from the awareness of Silla peoples that a kind of cave temple was derived from India. Although these days, Golgulsa is comprised of the caves with or without wooden front room, but according to Sanjungilgi(Travelogue of Mountain temples) written by Jung Sihan, most of caves in this site originally had wooden front room and it was looked as hanging on the rock. Even the scale is different, the original form of Golgulsa can be retraced to Indian buddhist caves of Karla near in Lonavala. The location of Karla caves besides by the way from west sea side of Mumbai to east side of inner area is comparable to geographical situation of Golgulsa temple which is between the Gampo of east seashore and Gyungju the capital of Silla dynasty. And it is also similar that the vihara caves of both sites are excavated in the naturally blockish rock surface and these multistory viharas are connected by rock steps. The most noticeable common point is the combination of real wooden structure and rock cave. Further more, the combination of single caitya shrine with multiple vihara caves was also common conception of both buddhist cave site. These composition is a kind of common style in early buddhist caves in India as Bhaja and Kondane sites. The caves of Golgulsa in which enshrined some buddhist images were supposed to be originally near in conception of viharas. And the small stupa in front of vihara in Karla is also very unique. This stupa is regarded as for an exclusive use of buddhist monks in Karla caves. Because the stupa was built originally for laymen’s devote and not for monks, so this situation is especially noticeable. It can be interpreted that the caves were associated with the Mahāsāṃghika sect of Buddhism, so the local monks were very familiar to worship the stupa.