北漢山 三川寺址 大智國師碑 龜趺 硏究

Abstract

Samcheon temple site(三川寺址) in Bukhan Mountain(北漢山) has been taken notice a little earlier because it remained to the turtle base of the monument of the most reverend priest of Daeji(大智), Beopgyeong(法鏡) in Goryeo period. Nevertheless, we have trouble in knowing accurate his dates and the established time of Samcheon temple. That is caused by insufficiency of research data for studying. However recent excavation achievements to be done by Seoul Museum of History make an offer new materials and informations about Samcheon temple and Beopgyeong. Therefore I try to introduce fresh historical facts through excavation achievements and consider the characteristics of the turtle base of Beopgyeong's monument. As I stated above, we gained many materials by recent excavation. First of all, the remains of chapel was discovered near by Beopgyeong's monument. Moreover bronze bowl with 'Daejiam'(大智庵) was discovered. They provide hints that we can judge what is the name of chapel. And it confirmed that he succeeded to Taehyeon(太賢) and Samcheon temple belonged to Fa-hsiang school(法相宗) by discovered fragments of monument. However, in spite of these fresh materials, it is difficult to find out Beopgyeong's accurate date and when he entered the Buddhist priesthood. The turtle base of Daeji`s monument showed several changes in the shape of mouth, cintámani(如意珠), upper turtle shell and legs, with following tradition of stone turtle base in Unified Silla.(統一新羅) These changes are also showed in other contemporary turtle bases. Therefore it is thought that such changes are the characteristic of turtle base made in 11th century. They are as follows. First change showed in dragon-shaped head which had appeared from Unified Silla. Ears started to disappear and opened-mouth transformed into closed-mouth according to removing cintámani. The second, reverse turn of upper turtle shell is much more increased than before. The extent of reverse turn became to expand from around the forelegs to around the all legs, the back of neck, tail. Also the details represented very rhythmically and decoratively. The third, the letter of wang(王) frequently engraved on turtle shell. For example, it has just two wang(王) letters to monument of the most reverend priest Wongong(圓空國師) made in early 11th century. Whereas after then, engraving wang(王) letters became spread widely and expanded into all upper turtle shell like monuments of the most reverend priest Daeji in Samcheon temple site and the most reverend priest Jigwang(智光國師) in Beopcheon temple site in middle and late 11th century. The last, It happened changes into dragon-shaped body in turtle bases. Scales carved on neck and legs of turtle bases like a dragon. Especially we need to take notice of appearance of hairs behind knee joint(肘毛). This is one of dragon's important features. Therefore we can comprehend that dragon's features started to be described not only head but also body in turtle bases. Accordingly turtle bases made in 11th century have dragon's features both head and body. Consequently the turtle base of the monument of the most reverend priest Daeji is very significant as a representative example to show the progress of changes in 11th century.