운동선수 뇌의 구조적 특성
The Structural Characteristics of Athlete's Brain
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[목적] 운동 학습은 다양한 뇌 부위의 형태적 가소성을 야기하며, 이는 다양한 과제들을 통해 증명되어 운동 기술의 훈련에 의한 운동선수 뇌의 구조적 변화에 관한 연구들이 많이 보고되고 있다. 자기공명영상과 같은 영상 기술은 살아 있는 사람 뇌의 구조에 관한 비침습적인 연구를 가능하게 하여 본 연구에서는 운동선수 뇌의 형태적 가소성에 관한 뇌 영상 연구 결과들을 정리해보고자 한다. [방법] 이를 위해 운동선수 뇌의 구조적 가소성에 관한 뇌 영상 연구들을 고찰하였다. [결과] 운동 기술의 학습과 뇌의 형태적 가소성 간의 인과 관계를 제시하고 있는 횡단 및 전향적 연구들은 건강한 뇌의 구조적 변화에 관한 이해의 폭을 넓힐 것이다. 운동 및 운동 학습에 의해 뇌가 구조적으로 변화한다는 동물 대상의 연구 결과에서처럼 운동 및 운동 학습은 사람의 대뇌 겉질, 소뇌 및 해마를 포함한 여러 뇌 부위에서의 형태적 변화를 야기하며, 운동선수를 대상으로 한 연구들에서도 장기간의 훈련에 의한 다양한 뇌 부위에서의 형태적 가소성을 보고하였다. 이는 특정 운동 기술이 고도로 숙련된 다양한 종목의 운동선수들이 자기 종목의 특성에 따라 뇌의 구조적 변화가 야기될 수 있음을 제시하고 있으며, 저글링, 균형 과제, 골프, 시각운동성 회전 과제의 지속적인 연습에 의한 사람 뇌의 형태적 변화에 관한 연구는 운동학습이 뇌의 형태적 변화를 야기한다는 것을 제시하고 있다. [결론] 이러한 연구 결과들은 운동선수들의 여러 뇌 부위가 장기간의 훈련에 의해 형태적으로 발달하였다는 것을 시사하며, 운동 기술의 지속적인 훈련이 뇌에 형태적으로 반영되었음을 제시한다. 본 연구에서는 운동선수 뇌의 형태적 변화에 관한 횡단 및 종적 연구 결과들을 정리하였다.
Abstract
[PURPOSE] Physical training and motor learning have been shown to make alterations in regional brain structure and this has been examined by numerous tasks. A growing number of morphological studies have demonstrated changes in various structures of athlete’s brain after training. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compromise the prospect to explore human brain structure in vivo noninvasively. The purpose of this study was to provide a summary of neuroimaging studies on morphological plasticity of athletes. [METHODS] We reviewed neuroimaging researches of structural plasticity in athlete’s brain. [RESULTS] Cross-sectional and prospective researches revealed strong relationship between motor skill learning and morphological plasticity of the brain shedding light on structural changes in healthy brain. Exercises and motor learning have been shown to induce alterations in regional brain structure including cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Studies looking at various brain structures in athletes have also showed athletes had remarkable experience-dependent plasticity. These results appear consistent with animal studies showing training-dependent morphological changes. [CONCLUSIONS] These results indicate that athlete is involved in the plastic structural changes in various brain structures. Such morphological plasticity may reflect specific experiences of long-term training and practice of sports skills. This study offers a summary of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on morphological change of the human brain in athletes.
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