본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

성별 및 출산이 기업가정신에 미치는 영향: 여성 기업가정신 활성화 방안에 대한 함의

The Effects of Gender and Childbirth on Entrepreneurship: Implications for the Activation of Female Entrepreneurship

0

조회

0

다운로드

7

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

국가의 기업가정신은 혁신을 추구하고 실패 위험을 감수하며 진취적으로 대응하여 기회를 선도하려는 보편적인 국민 개인들의 행동성향의 정도로서 국가 성장 잠재력의 원천이 될 수 있다. 특히 저성장이 고착화되고 있는 한국의 경제상황에서는 전체 국민의 창업 및 경제활동참여를 활성화시킬 수 있도록 남성에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 수준으로 나타나는 여성의 기업가정신을 제고시켜야 할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 단순히 기업가정신 수준의 성별 차이 자체에 주목하는 것이 아닌 기업가정신의 성별 차이를 발생시키는 사회적 맥락의 숨겨진 영향력에 초점을 두었다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 성별과 기업가정신 수준 간 관계에 있어 한국의 사회적 맥락을 반영하는 요인인 출산의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 실증분석결과에 따르면, 성별 및 출산의 독립적인 효과 이외에 이들 변수들의 상호작용 효과를 포함하여 검증한 모형에서는 성별 효과가 사라진 반면, 출산 변수와 성별 및 출산의 상호작용 변수의 효과가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 또한 성별 및 출산여부를 바탕으로 네 가지 유형의 처리집단을 생성하여 기업가정신의 차이를 검증한 추가분석결과에 따르면,‘여성 및 출산’집단이 다른 모든 집단에 비해 기업가정신이 유의하게 낮았으며, 나머지 처리집단들 간 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 일반적으로 관찰되는 성별 간 기업가정신 수준의 차이에 있어서는 남녀의 고유한 특성 자체가 아닌 자녀출산 및 육아부담을 여성이 전적으로 감당하는 한국의 사회적 맥락 효과가 중첩되어 있음을 의미하고 있다. 본 연구는 여성의 기업가적 행동 성향을 억제하는 한국의 사회적 맥락을 고려함으로서 여성의 창업 또는 경제활동참여 활성화를 촉진할 수 있는 실효성 있는 정책 방안 마련을 위한 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

Abstract

The entrepreneurship can be a source of national growth potential as behavioral tendencies of people who seek innovation, take risks of failure, and proactively respond to opportunities. In particular, in the economic situation of Korea where growth has been stagnated, it is necessary to strengthen the entrepreneurship of women which is relatively lower than men’s in order to activate the start-up and economic participation of the whole people. In this regard, this study focuses not only on gender differences in entrepreneurship but also on the hidden impact of social contexts that cause gender differences in entrepreneurship. Specifically, this study examined the moderating effects of childbirth, a factor that reflects the social context of Korea in the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship. According to the results of the model that includes the interaction effect of these variables in addition to the independent effects of gender and childbirth, the gender effect disappeared, while the significant effect of both the childbirth variable and the interaction variable of gender and childbirth were confirmed. Furthermore, according to additional analysis, which identified the differences in entrepreneurship by creating four types of treatment groups based on gender and childbirth status, entrepreneurship was significantly lower in the 'female and childbirth' group than in all other groups. The difference between the remaining treatment groups was not statistically significant. These results indicate that differences in entrepreneurship levels between men and women overlap not with the unique trait of men and women, but with the social contextual effects of Korea, where women are under the full burden of childbirth and parenting. This study suggests implications that effective policy measures to promote women's entrepreneurship or economic activity should be taken by taking into account the social context of Korea that suppresses women's entrepreneurial behavior.

참고문헌 (52)

  1. 기획재정부, "2019년도 나라살림 예산개요" (2019), 기획재정부
  2. 김정호, "여성 경력단절의 원인과 임금효과", 사회경제평론, (41), pp.97~127 (2013), 한국사회경제학회[DOI]
  3. 김종호, "우리나라 기업가정신과 그 결정 요인", KIET 산업경제, 11, pp.53~66 (2008)
  4. 규제, 기업가정신과 경제성장 간의 관계 분석, "김종호", 산업연구원, ~ (2009)
  5. 김주영, "여성의 경력단절과 노동시장 재진입", 노동리뷰, 8, pp.36~50 (2010)
  6. 여성기업 육성 정책의 새로운 패러다임 모색, "양인숙", 한국여성정책연구원, ~ (2012)
  7. 이민규, "기업가 정신이 국가 경제성장에 미치는 영향 분석 :GEM 자료를 중심으로", 중소기업연구, 35(4), pp.217~234 (2013), 한국중소기업학회
  8. 전혜진, "창업생태계 변화가 여성창업의지에 미치는 영향", 벤처창업연구, 10(2), pp.85~96 (2015), 한국벤처창업학회[DOI]
  9. 추승엽, "한국의 기업가정신 결정요인에 대한 탐색적 연구 : 성별 차이를 중심으로", 한국창업학회지, 14(2), pp.104~122 (2019), 한국창업학회[DOI]
  10. 통계청, "2018 경제활동인구연보", 통계청, ~ (2019)
  11. 글로벌 기업가정신 지수 개발, "한국청년기업가정신재단", 한국청년기업가정신재단, ~ (2014)
  12. 2017 기업가정신 실태조사. 개인편, "한국청년기업가정신재단", 한국청년기업가정신재단, ~ (2017)
  13. 2018 기업가정신 실태조사 심층연구, "한국청년기업가정신재단", 한국청년기업가정신재단, ~ (2018)
  14. Audretsch, D. B., "Impeded Industrial Restructuring : the Growth Penalty", Kyklos, 55(1), pp.81~98 (2002)
  15. Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, "Audretsch, D. B.", OECD Publishing, ~ (2001)
  16. Baron, R. A., "APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1", pp.241~273 (2011), APA
  17. Blau, F., "The Economics of Women, Men, and Work" (1992), Englewood Cliffs
  18. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Executive Repor, Babson Park, "Bosma, N.", Babson College and London Business School, 5~20 (2008)
  19. Buttner, E. H., "Women's Organizational Exodus to Entrepreneurship : Self-reported Motivations and Correlates with Success", Journal of Small Business Management, 35, pp.34~46 (1997)
  20. Covin, J. G., "Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments", Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), pp.75~87 (1989)
  21. De Bruin, A., "Introduction to the Special Issue : Towards Building Cumulative Knowledge on Women's Entrepreneurship", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), pp.585~593 (2006)
  22. DeMartino, R., "Differences between Women and Men MBA Entrepreneurs : Exploring Family Flexibility and Wealth Creation as Career Motivators", Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), pp.815~832 (2003)
  23. DeMartino, R., "Exploring the Career", achievement and Personal Life Orientation Differences between Entrepreneurs and Nonentrepreneurs : the Impact of Sex and Dependents, 2006, pp.44(3), 350~368
  24. DeTienne, D. R., "The Role of Gender in Opportunity Identification", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), pp.365~386 (2007)
  25. De Vita, L., "Women Entrepreneurs in and from Developing Countries : Evidences from the Literature", European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.451~460 (2014)
  26. Gatewood, E. J., "Entrepreneurial Expectancy, Task Effort, and Performance", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), pp.187~206 (2002)
  27. Executive Report. 2007 & each year, "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor", ~ (2007)
  28. Greve, A., "Social networks and entrepreneurship", Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 28(1), pp.1~22 (2003)
  29. Harrison, R. T., "Does gender matter? Women business angels and the supply of entrepreneurial finance", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), pp.445~472 (2007)
  30. Koellinger, P., "Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Propensity", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), pp.213~234 (2013)
  31. Kreiser, P. M., "Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Scale : A Multi-country Analysis", Entrepreneurship : Theory and Practice, 26(4), pp.71~92 (2002)
  32. Langowitz, N., "The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), pp.341~364 (2007)
  33. Lent, R. W., "Contextual Supports and Barriers to Career Choice : A Social Cognitive Analysis", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), pp.36~49 (2000)
  34. Lumpkin, G. T., "Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance", Academy of Management Review, 21(1), pp.135~172 (1996)
  35. Lumpkin, G. T., "Understanding and Measuring Autonomy : An Entrepreneurial Orientation Perspective", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), pp.47~69 (2009)
  36. McClelland, D. C., "N Achievement and Entrepreneurship : A longitudinal Study", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(4), pp.389~392 (1965)
  37. McWhirter, E. H., "Perceived barriers to education and career : Ethnic and gender differences", Journal of vocational behavior, 50(1), pp.124~140 (1997)
  38. Miller, D., "The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms", Management Science, 29(7), pp.770~792 (1983)
  39. Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth, "OECD", Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, ~ (2017)
  40. Parasuraman, S., "Type of Employment, Work-family Conflict and Well-being : A Comparative Study", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, pp.551~568 (2001)
  41. Schumpeter, J. A., "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy" (1942), Harper & Brothers
  42. "The Global Competitiveness Report 2018" (2018)[URL]
  43. Shane, S., "Entrepreneurial Motivation", Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), pp.257~279 (2003)
  44. Shinnar, R. S., "Self-efficacy, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Gender : Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Longitudinally", The International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), pp.561~570 (2014)
  45. 손은령, "여자대학생이 지각한 진로장벽 요인에 관한 연구", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 14(1), pp.121~139 (2002), 한국상담심리학회
  46. Stevenson, H. H., "A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship : Entrepreneurial Management", Strategic Management Journal, 11, pp.17~27 (1990)
  47. Sullivan, D. M., "Gender and entrepreneurship : a review and process model", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(5), pp.428~458 (2012)
  48. Sung, S., "Work-Family Balance Issues and Policies in Korea: Towards an Egalitarian Regime, in Gender and Welfare States in East Asia: Confucianism or Gender Equality" (2014), Palgrave Macmillan
  49. Walter, S. G., "Why Mode and Regional Context Matter for Entrepreneurship Education", Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10), pp.807~835 (2012)
  50. Wieland, A., "The Gender Congruence Bias in Entrepreneurship", Academy of Management Proceedings (2016), Academy of Management
  51. Zahra, S. A., "Entrepreneurship's Next Act", Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(4), pp.67~83 (2011)
  52. Zapalska, A., "A Profiles of Woman Entrepreneurs and Enterprises in Poland", Journal of Small Business Management, 35(4), pp.76~82 (1997)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (13건)