1960년대 미국 아프리카 연구와 흑인 반란 - 1969년 아프리카학회의 몬트리올 연례대회를 중심으로
African Studies and Black Rebellion in the 1960s in the U.S. - Focusing on the Montreal Annual Conference of the African Studies Association in 1969
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 글은 1969년 10월 15~18일 미국 아프리카학회(African Studies Association, ASA)의 몬트리올 연례대회에서 벌어진 흑인과 백인 학자들 사이의 인종적 대결, 소위 몬트리올 위기의 의미를 고찰한다. 아프리카학회는 전후 냉전과 탈식민화의 흐름에 대응하여 나온 아프리카 지역연구 분야에 최대 학술 조직이었다. 몬트리올 대회는 흑인 학자들이 처음으로 미국 아프리카학계의 신식민주의와 구조적 인종주의를 비판하면서 세계 흑인 민족의 주권을 주창하며 일어선 반란의 공간이었다. 이 글은 몬트리올 위기에서 흑인대표회의가 제기한 두 가지 핵심 쟁점에 주목한다. 먼저 아프리카학계의 학문적 신식민주의에 대한 비판에 주목해, 흑인 학자들이 범아프리카적 관점에서 아프리카인과 아프리카 디아스포라 세계의 흑인 민족의 역사적 경험을 주체적으로 탐구하고자 한 흑인연구라는 지적 기획의 의미를 살펴볼 것이다. 다음으로, 흑인 학자들이 아프리카학회에서 대표성을 확보하기 위해 요구한 ‘인종적 동수 해법’을 둘러싼 논쟁을 통해, 당시 자유주의 아프리카니스트들의 언어 속에서 인종권력이 어떻게 작동했 는지 살펴볼 것이다. 이를 통해 1960년대 미국 흑인해방운동의 여러 물줄기 가운데 탈식민화를 향한 새로운 학문적 운동의 한 계기 를 파악하고, 이 시기 미국 자유주의의 작동 방식의 인종주의적 성격과 한계를 검토할 것이다.
Abstract
This article examines the so-called Montreal Crisis, the racial confrontation between black and white scholars that took place at the African Studies Association’s annual conference in Montreal from October 15 to 18, 1969. The ASA was the largest academic organization in the field of African studies that emerged in response to the postwar Cold War and the wave of decolonization. It was the Montreal conference that black scholars stood up to the first time to criticize the neo-colonialism and institutional racism of African studies and to advocate for the sovereignty of black people around the world. I focus on two key issues raised by the Black Caucus. First, by focusing on the criticism of academic neo-colonialism in African studies at the time, I examine the historical meaning of the new academic project of Black Studies, which sought to explore the historical experiences of Africans and black people from a pan-African perspective. Next, I examine how racial pow- er operated in the language of the then liberal Africanists through the debate surrounding the ‘racial parity solution’ demanded by black scholars in order to secure their representation in the ASA. This helps to identify one of the moments in a new intellectual movement toward decolonization among the various streams of the black liberation movement in the United States in the 1960s, and to examine the racist nature and limitations of the operation of American liberalism during this period.
참고문헌 (37)
- "Black Caucus Statement, 1968", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1968), 19~
- "Black Caucus Statement, 1969", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 18~19
- "Burke Resolution", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 19~
- African Studies Association, "Minutes, Third Annual Business Meeting : Report of the Executive Secretary", African Studies Bulletin, 3(3), pp.36~ (1960)
- African Studies Association, "Report of the Secretary-Treasure", African Studies Bulletin, 1(2), pp.12~ (1958)
- African Studies Association, "Training and Career Opportunities for the American Specialist on Africa", African Studies Bulletin, 2(4), pp.13~26 (1959)
- Anise, Emmanuel O, "Letters from Members", African Studies Newsletter, 3(3, pp.4) (1970), 9~
- Bretton, Henry L, "Letter about Montreal", African Studies Newsletter, 2(6, pp.7) (1969), 19~20
- Burke, Fred G., "The Meaning of Montreal", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 8~9
- Carter, Gwendolen, "The Founding of the African Studies Association", African Studies Review, 26(3, pp.4) (1983), 5~19
- Challenor, Herchelle Sullivan, "No Longer at Ease : Confrontation at the 12th Annual African Studies Association Meeting at Montreal", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 4~7
- Clarke, John Henrik, "African Studies in the United States, An Afro-American View", Africa Today, 16(2), pp.10~12 (1969)
- Clarke, John Henrik, "The African Heritage Studies Association(AHSA) : Some Notes on the Conflict with the African Studies Association(ASA) and the Fight to Reclaim African History", Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 6(2, pp.3) (1976), 5~11
- Cowan, L. Gray, "Exchange of Letters between L. Gray Cowan and John Henrik Clarke", African Studies Newsletter, 3(3, pp.4) (1970), 2~5
- Cowan, L. Gray, "What is the Fuss All About? : An Inside Account of the African Studies Association－Its Structure, Activities and Financing－By the Organization’s Incoming President", Africa Report, 14(8), pp.8~19 (1969)
- Duffy, James, "Report on Response to ASA Questionnaire", African Studies Newsletter, 3(1), pp.2~4 (1970)
- Emerson, Rupert, "Letter Sent to All ASA Members", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 17~
- Haynes, Jane Banfield, "ASA Meeting Disrupted by Racial Crisis : Black Militants Challenge the Association and Question the Moral Bases of African Studies", Africa Report, 14(8), pp.16~17 (1969)
- Keppel-Jones, Arthur, "Letter about Montreal", African Studies Newsletter, 2(6, pp.7) (1969), 27~28
- Resnick, Idrian N., "Report of the Radical Caucus", African Studies Newsletter, 2(6, pp.7) (1969), 14~15
- Segal, Aron, "Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association", The Journal of Modern African Studies, 9(1), pp.137~141 (1971)
- van den Berghe, Pierre L., "Neo-Racism in the United States of America", Transition, 41, pp.14~18 (1972)
- van den Berghe, Pierre L, "The Montreal Affair, Revolution or Racism?", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.7) (1969), 10~11
- Wallerstein, Immanuel, "Africa, America, and the Africanists", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 12~13
- Washington Task Force on African Affairs, "Washington Task Force Paper on Institutional Racism", Africa Today, 16(5, pp.6) (1969), 25~31
- 이매뉴얼 월러스틴, "아프리카와 세계체제", pp.271~288 (2019), 창비
- 이찬행, "칼라 블라인드－1960년대 중반 이후 미국의 자유주의적 인종주의에 관한 연구", 서양사론, (120), pp.149~181 (2014), 한국서양사학회
- Alford, Kwame Wes, "A Prophet with Honor : William Leo Hansberry and the Origins of the Discipline of African Studies (1984~1939)", Ph.D., pp.1998
- Alkalimat, Abdul, "The History of Black Studies" (2021), Pluto Press
- Azevedo, Mario, "Africana Studies : A Survey of Africa and the African Diaspora" (2019), Carolina Academic Press
- "Pan-Africanism in the Academia : John Henrik Clarke and the African Heritage Studies Association"[URL]
- Harris, Josheph, "Pillars in Ethiopian History : The William Leo Hansberry African History Notebook", pp.3~30 (1974), Howard University Press
- Joseph, Peniel E, "Rethinking the Black Power Era", The Journal of Southern History, 75(3), pp.707~716 (2009)
- King, William M., "Out of the Revolution : The Development of Africana Studies", pp.115~132 (2003), Lexington Books
- Martin, William G., "Out of One, Many Africas : Reconstructing the Study & Meaning of Africa", pp.85~122 (1999), University of Illinois Press
- Martin, William G., "The Rise of African Studies(USA) and the Transnational Study of Africa", African Studies Review, 54(1), pp.59~83 (2011)
- Toure, Ahati N. N., "John Henrik Clarke and the Power of Africana History : A Historiographical Examination of the Thought and Work of a Pan Afikan Nationalist Historian", Ph.D., pp.2007