The emerging market for “Delebs” (dead celebrities) - An ethics-based, sustainability analysis of key stakeholder positions
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The market for dead celebrities (“Delebs”) is large and growing. According to recent estimates, it is now worth $2.25 billion in annual licensing and royalty revenues. The practice is now so prevalent that Forbes began its annual ranking (in 2001) of the postmortem earnings of the “top-earning dead celebrities”. In this paper, we examine this practice and do the following. First, we define key terms that are used in this paper. Next, we look at the major players that have a stake in the market for Delebs, the benefits they reap, and the harms they cause. Following this, we look at how the benefits reaped collectively stack up against the harms caused collectively, from a societal point of view, using a well-known ethics framework. We then show how the overall balance (of benefits vs harms) affects the long-term sustainability of the market for Delebs. Following this, we make a few key ethicsbased recommendations and cautions for marketing practitioners, especially those who are concerned about the long-term viability (and sustainability) of this nascent market for a non-fungible product (i.e., Deleb images and personas). We conclude, by suggesting future directions for scholars interested in ethics-based, sustainability-focused Deleb research.
Abstract
The market for dead celebrities (“Delebs”) is large and growing. According to recent estimates, it is now worth $2.25 billion in annual licensing and royalty revenues. The practice is now so prevalent that Forbes began its annual ranking (in 2001) of the postmortem earnings of the “top-earning dead celebrities”. In this paper, we examine this practice and do the following. First, we define key terms that are used in this paper. Next, we look at the major players that have a stake in the market for Delebs, the benefits they reap, and the harms they cause. Following this, we look at how the benefits reaped collectively stack up against the harms caused collectively, from a societal point of view, using a well-known ethics framework. We then show how the overall balance (of benefits vs harms) affects the long-term sustainability of the market for Delebs. Following this, we make a few key ethicsbased recommendations and cautions for marketing practitioners, especially those who are concerned about the long-term viability (and sustainability) of this nascent market for a non-fungible product (i.e., Deleb images and personas). We conclude, by suggesting future directions for scholars interested in ethics-based, sustainability-focused Deleb research.
참고문헌 (84)
- Aaker, D. A., "Consumer evaluations of brand extensions", Journal of Marketing, 54, pp.27~41 (1990)
- Associated Press, "Nothing’s Off Limits with Elvis", Marketing News, Section: News Digest, 32(20), 1~ (1998)
- Associated Press, "Tacky Tributes", Marketing News, Section: News Digest, 32 (19), 1~ (1998)
- "Connecticut brewery apologizes for using Gandhi on beer can" (2015)[URL]
- Associated Press and Staff, "Checks Honor Dr. King", Marketing News, Section: News Digest, 30(4), 1~ (1996)
- Astaire, R., "Selectivity, and Cooperation, are the Keys", Brandweek, 39(37), 28~ (1998)
- "Gravesite tourism: Dead celebrities still draw crowds" (2006)[URL]
- Brott, T., "Grateful dead", Los Angeles Magazine, 49(12), 92~97 (2004)
- Stephen Brown, "Retro‐marketing: yesterday’s tomorrows, today!", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 17(7), pp.363~376 (1999), Emerald[DOI]
- Bryceson, D., "Muhammad Ali sells his rights", The Epoch Times, ~ (2006)
- Cameron, M., "‘Celebrities bill’ Muzzles Press", New York Post, ~ (2008)
- Carlson, P., "Breathing new life into dead celebrities", The Washington Post, Section: Style, C01~ (2004)
- "Nobody’s dead anymore: Marketing deceased celebrities" (2013)[URL]
- "Johnnie Walker’s Bruce Lee video: Tasteless ad or brilliant marketing?"[URL]
- Cook, J., "Corbis finds lively market for dead stars", The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Section: Business, E1~ (2005)
- Cowan, A. L., "Paul Newman, Philanthropist, Does Hereby Leave . . .", New York Times, Section: City Room, ~ (2008)
- D’Rozario, D., "Dead celebrity uses in advertising and marketing", International Journal Of Consumer Research, 2(1), pp.59~83 (2013)
- Denver D'Rozario, "'Delebs' (dead celebrities): Why some succeed and some fail", Journal of Customer Behaviour, 16(2), pp.161~181 (2017), Westburn Publishers[DOI]
- Denver D’Rozario, "The Use of Dead Celebrity Images in Advertising and Marketing— Review, Ethical Recommendations and Cautions for Practitioners", International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(2), pp.1~10 (2013), Canadian Center of Science and Education[DOI]
- "Digital necromancy: Advertising with reanimated celebrities" (2013)[URL]
- De George, R. T., "Business ethics" (1986), Macmillan
- "Top-earning dead celebrities" (2004)[URL]
- Dooley, T., "An American classic resurrected", The Houston Chronicle, Section: Star, 1~ (2004)
- "What’s hot now: Christie’s celebrity garage sale" (2001)[URL]
- "Robin Williams went above and beyond to stop his image being used" (2015)[URL]
- Falcone, L. B., "Decor to die for: Furniture makers resurrect spirit of late celebs", The Boston Herald, Section: Arts & Life, 60~ (2002)
- "People: Earnings from the crypt" (2001)[URL]
- "For fans of the beatles, 09/ 09/09Will mark a new invasion" (2009)[URL]
- Benson P. Fraser, "Media, Celebrities, and Social Influence: Identification With Elvis Presley", Mass Communication and Society, 5(2), pp.183~206 (2002), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
- Garfield, B., "Better off dead: Orville resurrection a bad move", Advertising Age, 78(4), pp.25~ (2007)
- Gellene, D., "Outlived by fame and fortunes. Dead celebrities as Pitchmen? Advertisers see them as ‘a Safe Bet’", Los Angeles Times, Section: Business, Financial Desk, Subsection: Advertising & Marketing, D4~ (1997)
- Glionna, J. M., "The late, great (and profitable) advertising: Beverly Hills Lawyer guards against trademark infringement for heirs of 45 celebrities. Some spots he Oks, tasteless ones don’t stand a chance", Los Angeles Times, B1~ (1997)
- Goldman, D., "Consumer Republic: Digital wonders leave the human ones struggling to catch up", Adweek, Section: Art & Commerce, 42(32), 14~ (2001)
- Goldman, K., "Advertising: Dead celebrities are resurrected as Pitchmen", Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition, Section B, 1~2 (1994)
- "Special report: Top-earning dead celebrities" (2007)[URL]
- Guthrie, J., "To cut costs and reduce risk use a dead celebrity", The Financial Times, London Edition, Section: Business Life Enterprise, 12~ (2005)
- "How the king of pop made $1.5billion . . ." (2014)[URL]
- Hass, N., "I seek dead people", The New York Times, Home Design Magazine, Section 6, Part 2, Column 1, 38~ (2003)
- Hevesi, D., "Afterlife of the famous: Heirs warn of ‘Poachers’", The New York Times, Section B: Metropolitan Desk, Column 2, 1~ (1988)
- Hollie, P. G., "The rights of dead celebrities", The New York Times, Section: Financial Desk, Sub-section: Advertising, D14~ (1985)
- Hunt, S. D., "A general theory of marketing ethics", Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), pp.5~16 (1986)[DOI]
- Hyman, M., "Dead men don’t screw up Ad campaigns", Business Week, Section: Sports Business - Legends, 3517, 115~ (1997)
- Hyman, M., "How do you sell a golf legend? Very carefully", Business Week, Section: News, Analysis & Commentary, Sports Biz, 3882, 48~ (2004)
- "Selling the dead" (2012)[URL]
- "A living for the dead" (2009)[URL]
- Kurth, J., "Marketing Rosa Parks: It’s a fine line", The Detroit News and Free Press, 1A~14A (2005)
- Lee, L., "Love those Boomers: Their new attitudes and lifestyles are a marketer’s dream", BusinessWeek, 94~102 (2005)
- "Scuze me, while i sue this guy" (2002)[URL]
- "Earnings from the crypt: Agents of the dead" (2002)[URL]
- Marketing Week, "Brands without a ghost of a chance rise from the ashes", 74~ (2003)
- McBride, S., "Is It Brad or Is IT Fake? - Breakthroughs in computer-generated characters open up all sorts of artistic possibilities. Just don’t tell that to the actors", The Wall Street Journal, (April 20), R4~R5 (2009)
- Grant McCracken, "Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process", Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), pp.310~321 (1989), Oxford University Press (OUP)[DOI]
- Miller, C., "The dead live On - in merchandising", Marketing News, Section: Direct Marketing, 31(20), 6~ (1997)
- Miller, C., "Seuss Characters Leap From Page into Licensing World", Marketing News, Section: Licensing, 31(8), 2~ (1997)
- "In pictures: Top-earning dead celebrities" (2009)[URL]
- Naughton, K., "The Nostalgia Boom - Why the old is new again", Business Week, 58~64 (1998)
- "How celebrities can make millions after death: Meet the man with the formula" (2014)[URL]
- New York Times, "Paying tribute or trivializing?", Section: Upfront, 5~ (2006)
- "The Boston Globe" (2012)[URL]
- "Tupac Coachella hologram: Behind the technology" (2012)[URL]
- "Dead celebrities are hot" (2007)[URL]
- "A star is Reborn: How hollywood magicians will raise the dead" (2010)[URL]
- "Ford Mustang Bullitt - Car news - Forty years after the release of the movie, Ford is yet again bringing back this limited-edition Mustang" (2007)[URL]
- Retsky, M. L., "Marketers should know about privacy and publicity rights", Marketing News, Section: Marketing Perspective, Sub-section: On Marketing and the Law, 32 (5), 5~8 (1998)
- Rich, M., "Posthumous Crichton novels on the way", New York Times, New York Edition, C1~ (2009)
- Rodkin, D., "Retro active: In the age of Deja everything, more and more advertisers are using archival footage to bust through the clutter. The way we were is the way it is", Advertising Age, 38~ (1989)
- "Connoisseur’s guide: Collecting Marilyn" (2001)[URL]
- "Firms dig for rights to dead celebrities" (2007)[URL]
- "Death becomes her" (2001)[URL]
- Sciolino, E., "Saint Laurent’s other half", The New York Times, Section: Fashion & Style, E1~ (2011)
- "The Exxon Valdez oil spill" (2017)[URL]
- "Dead celebrities are good for dying media industry" (2009)[URL]
- Sutton, J., "Retailers cash in on promises to give to the Princess Diana memorial fund", Marketing News, Vol. 32, #2, 2~ (1998)
- "Diana lingerie outrage: Princess of Wales depicted in bra and knickers by Chinese company on anniversary of her death" (2010)[URL]
- "Michael Jackson hologram performs slave to the rhythm . . . and gets standing ovation at billboard music awards" (2014)[URL]
- Till, B. D., "The Match-Up Hypothesis: Physical Attractiveness, Expertise and the Role of Fit on Brand Attitude, Purchase Intent and Brand Beliefs", Journal of Advertising, 29(3), pp.1~13 (2000)
- Towle, A. P., "Celebrity Branding", The Hollywood Reporter, ~ (2003)
- "Crichton’s kid, wife fighting over estate" (2009)[URL]
- "Phony Princess Di hawks undies" (2010)[URL]
- Van Der Pool, L., "Thomasville furniture casts bogart for new line", Adweek, 44(7), pp.18~ (2003)
- "Earnings from the crypt" (2002)[URL]
- "Spelling fortune touches off family feud - At stake: Legendary TV producer’s half-billion estate" (2006)[URL]
- "Heirs of Steve McQueen Try to Stop Clothing Manufacturer" (2008)[URL]
