백제 한성기 토성의 다짐 연구

Abstract

Compaction is a civil engineering technique that utilizes the property of soil becoming firm through compression. This technique, developed by ancient humans after moving beyond cave-dwelling, made use of natural resources like soil, wood, and stone to improve living environments by constructing structures such as fortresses, embankments, residences, and roads, forming the foundation for earthen structures. This paper focuses on the foundational compaction technology of fortress construction in order to understand ancient construction methods. Through archaeological examination of the compaction soil in the Baekje Hansung Period earthen fortresses, along with references from historical records, the materials, tools, methods, and processes of compaction were reviewed. The analysis of the compaction soil in the Baekje Hansung Period fortresses suggests that compaction involved a three-stage process: “soil excavation,”→“soil selection and blending,” → “compaction and curing of Compaction soil(養生).” First, soil would have been excavated from regions with similar geological characteristics to the area where each fortress was located or from the moats or ditches constructed around the site. If insufficient soil was available from these sources, additional soil appropriate for compaction would likely have been sourced from nearby areas. This excavated soil would then undergo a selection process. Contrary to previous reports stating that the fortresses were built with sandy soil and clay, it appears that sandy soil was primarily chosen and mixed with other types of soil to increase the volume and solidity of the walls. Finally, the selected and blended soil was layered and compacted, using various types of tools, such as those made of wood and stone, to expel air and moisture from between the soil particles, thus reducing voids and increasing density. Simultaneously, a curing process was employed to protect the compaction soil, enhancing its durability and ensuring the overall stability of the fortress wall. Research on compaction in this paper is still in its early stages. Currently, there is a lack of both archaeological data and comprehensive analysis of related historical records regarding compaction. Nevertheless, research into construction techniques continues to progress, and archaeological methods for understanding fortress walls in three dimensions have also made significant advances. Through continued archaeological investigations and research, we hope to broaden our understanding of ancient fortress construction techniques.