중국 하남지역 선사시대 토성 축성기술 연구

Abstract

The article examined the construction techniques of prehistoric earthen ramparts in the Hanam(河南) region of China. From the Neolithic period, China employed various techniques such as the earth-and-branch method, reduction technique, earthwork, earthen rampart, wooden planks, and wooden posts to build city walls. Additionally, based on the characteristics of the soil and evidence of construction within the city walls, three construction types were identified: Type A, which involves constructing panel structures; Type B, which repeats the process of building sections through soil layering, cutting, and adding; and Type C, which involves building walls by adding to protruding natural terrain or earthen features. As a result, both cases of using a single construction type for the entire city wall and combining different construction techniques for foundation, central core, inner, and outer layers were observed. This diversity in construction techniques reflects the pinnacle of contemporary scientific and civil engineering technology of the time. Furthermore, through the examination of the construction techniques of prehistoric earthen ramparts in the Hanam region of China, the article proposed a classification of construction techniques that had been ambiguously used in China. Drawing from the basic concept of compaction, these techniques can be categorized into "hangchuk(夯築)" and "toechuk(堆築)" based on their approach to compaction. Hangchuk involves constructing city walls using materials like stones or wooden posts. Depending on the presence of panel structures, hangchuk can be further classified into rammed earth (Type A) and direct compaction (Type B). Notably, direct compaction involves building city walls without panel structures and likely utilized the reduction technique to carve out less stable areas to enhance stability and robustness. On the other hand, toechuk (Type C) uses a wooden planks making it difficult to detect or clearly understand compaction traces. This method often involves utilizing natural terrain or earthen materials to create sloping compactions. In Korea, continuous research and comparison with Chinese archaeological data have been carried out to understand ancient construction techniques. However, difficulties have arisen due to terminology and conceptual challenges when interpreting ancient Chinese construction techniques. Overcoming these challenges and fostering ongoing interest and research in ancient Chinese earthen ramparts are essential for gaining insights into ancient Korean earthen ramparts construction techniques. It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of ancient Korean earthwork construction methods.