Population genetics of the blackish cicada, Cryptotympana atrata (Cicadidae: Hemiptera), a climate-sensitive indicator insect in South Korea, using mitochondrial gene sequences
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The blackish cicada, Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius, 1775 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), is a climate sensitive indicator insect (CSII) in South Korea. Historically, this species was distributed most abundantly on Jeju Island, located ~100 km south of the Korean mainland and also sparely in the lowlands throughout South Korea, forming small populations, but it was absent in the northeastern mountainous regions. However, the species’ range expanded throughout South Korea including northeastern mountainous regions and populations increased explosively in urban areas starting roughly two decades ago. Thus, the species differs from other Korean CSII, whose ranges are expanding northward only from southern region. Given that, we investigated the genetic relationships between the Jeju and mainland populations and among mainland populations using partial mitochondrial COI sequences from 12 South Korean populations (174 individuals) and publicly available Korean and Chinese populations (39 individuals). A haplotype found at high frequencies throughout most mainland and Chinese populations was not found on Jeju, whereas Jeju Island haplotypes were nearly absent in mainland populations, with the highest frequency haplotype shared sparingly with only two southern populations. These results suggest highly limited gene flow between the Korean mainland and Jeju Island, reflecting the biogeographic isolation of Jeju Island even under ongoing global warming. On the other hand, little genetic differentiation among mainland populations including two newly expanded populations indicates a high gene flow within mainland, differing from other CSII. As genetic diversity is pivotal for species responses to global warming, prolonged monitoring of population genetics between the two regions will be necessary.
Abstract
The blackish cicada, Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius, 1775 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), is a climate sensitive indicator insect (CSII) in South Korea. Historically, this species was distributed most abundantly on Jeju Island, located ~100 km south of the Korean mainland and also sparely in the lowlands throughout South Korea, forming small populations, but it was absent in the northeastern mountainous regions. However, the species’ range expanded throughout South Korea including northeastern mountainous regions and populations increased explosively in urban areas starting roughly two decades ago. Thus, the species differs from other Korean CSII, whose ranges are expanding northward only from southern region. Given that, we investigated the genetic relationships between the Jeju and mainland populations and among mainland populations using partial mitochondrial COI sequences from 12 South Korean populations (174 individuals) and publicly available Korean and Chinese populations (39 individuals). A haplotype found at high frequencies throughout most mainland and Chinese populations was not found on Jeju, whereas Jeju Island haplotypes were nearly absent in mainland populations, with the highest frequency haplotype shared sparingly with only two southern populations. These results suggest highly limited gene flow between the Korean mainland and Jeju Island, reflecting the biogeographic isolation of Jeju Island even under ongoing global warming. On the other hand, little genetic differentiation among mainland populations including two newly expanded populations indicates a high gene flow within mainland, differing from other CSII. As genetic diversity is pivotal for species responses to global warming, prolonged monitoring of population genetics between the two regions will be necessary.