Population genetic study of the common bluetail, Ischnura senegalensis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), a climate-sensitive indicator species in South Korea, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
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Northward range expansion is one of the fundamental response in organisms against global warming. The newly expanded populations are apt to experience genetic drift driven by founder effects and bottlenecks. The common bluetail, Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) is listed as a climate-sensitive biological indicator species in South Korea and has recently been expanded northward in South Korea. To investigate the population genetic characteristics associated with this range expansion, we sequenced a total of 1,230 bp of mitochondrial COI (DNA barcoding region) and ND4 for 212 individuals collected from 13 South Korean localities, including three most recently expanded ones. Moreover, we combined current data with the corresponding 379 bp of worldwide COI data obtained from the public database (499 sequences from 13 countries) to supplement our findings. Analyses of population genetic aspects using our own sequences provided three notable results. First, the newly expanded Hwaseong, Ansan, and Anseong located at about 37° in latitude or north did not show any notable genetic difference and any reduced genetic diversity, suggesting a strong dispersal and exploration of suitable habitats. Second, these newly expanded populations had several unique haplotypes, implying genetic inflow outside country. Third, Namhae located in the southern region showed the highest genetic diversity and one additional genepool unique to this population, also implying genetic inflow outside country. An incorporation of worldwide data, which shows a high genetic similarity between South Korea and China supports that the northward range expansion could have been accelerated by long distance dispersers possibly from China. Similarly, sharing of a genepool only between Namhae and Japan including the Ryukyu Islands also suggests genetic inflow from Japan. These results collectively suggest that global warming not only facilitate range expansion, but also prompt inflow of foreign individuals of I. senegalensis.
Abstract
Northward range expansion is one of the fundamental response in organisms against global warming. The newly expanded populations are apt to experience genetic drift driven by founder effects and bottlenecks. The common bluetail, Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) is listed as a climate-sensitive biological indicator species in South Korea and has recently been expanded northward in South Korea. To investigate the population genetic characteristics associated with this range expansion, we sequenced a total of 1,230 bp of mitochondrial COI (DNA barcoding region) and ND4 for 212 individuals collected from 13 South Korean localities, including three most recently expanded ones. Moreover, we combined current data with the corresponding 379 bp of worldwide COI data obtained from the public database (499 sequences from 13 countries) to supplement our findings. Analyses of population genetic aspects using our own sequences provided three notable results. First, the newly expanded Hwaseong, Ansan, and Anseong located at about 37° in latitude or north did not show any notable genetic difference and any reduced genetic diversity, suggesting a strong dispersal and exploration of suitable habitats. Second, these newly expanded populations had several unique haplotypes, implying genetic inflow outside country. Third, Namhae located in the southern region showed the highest genetic diversity and one additional genepool unique to this population, also implying genetic inflow outside country. An incorporation of worldwide data, which shows a high genetic similarity between South Korea and China supports that the northward range expansion could have been accelerated by long distance dispersers possibly from China. Similarly, sharing of a genepool only between Namhae and Japan including the Ryukyu Islands also suggests genetic inflow from Japan. These results collectively suggest that global warming not only facilitate range expansion, but also prompt inflow of foreign individuals of I. senegalensis.