휠체어 스포츠 경기력 향상을 위한 디자인 특성
Design features of wheelchair for the improvement of wheelchair sports performance
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
[목적] 본 논문은 휠체어의 성능에 영향을 미치는 휠체어 구조(좌석의 높이, 캠버 및 핸드림 크기), 휠체어 추진 동작(기능적 특성 및 인간 운동역학적 측면) 및 휠체어 추진 효율(운동생리학 및 운동역학적 측면)과 관련된 주제를 대상으로 과거 연구부터 최신 연구까지의 연구동향 및 변천을 제시하는 것이다. [결과] 휠체어 스포츠의 운동수행력을 향상시키기 위해서는 선수 개개인의 체력, 기술, 전술적인 요인과 함께 빠른 추진 및 방향전환을 위한 휠체어 디자인 특성(성능)을 향상시켜야 한다. 휠체어 디자인에 관한 선행연구는 좌석의 높이, 핸드림 크기, 캠버 등 크게 3가지로 나누어 진행되어왔다. 가장 효과적인 좌석의 높이는 선수의 몸통과 팔의 길이 및 핸드림 크기와 관련이 있다. 좌석이 낮으면 추진효율이 높고, 좌석이 높으면 에너지 소비가 증가한다. 에너지 소비(총 효율)에서 휠체어 좌석의 적정 높이는 팔꿈치 각도의 100～120도이다. 핸드림 크기는 휠체어 추진에서 기어와 같은 역할을 하는데, 작은 직경의 핸드림을 사용하면 고단 기어를 선택한 것이며 가속도에서 손해를 보며 최고속도에서 이득을 본다. 반대로 큰 직경의 핸드림을 사용하면 저속 기어를 선택한 것이며 가속도에서 이득을 보며 최고속도에서 손해를 본다. 핸드림 휠체어에서 여러 가지 기어의 응용은 가치가 있으나, 기어의 비율은 파워와 속도를 고려해야 한다. 캠버 각이 증가하면 측면 안정성이 향상되며, 손이 핸드림을 잡는 것이 쉬워지며, 팔 운동이 수월해져서 에너지 소비와 추진 기법에서 긍정적인 효과가 기대된다. 또한 캠버가 증가하면 기계적 효율이 커지며, 안정성이 증가하며, 휠체어 추진 시 요구되는 파워가 감소된다. 경주용 휠체어의 캠버는 8도와 10도를 가장 많이 사용하며, 농구용 휠체어의 캠버는 20도와 24도를 많이 사용한다. 농구용 휠체어의 필드테스트를 통해 휠체어의 질량이 추가되면 최대회전속도와 회전가속도가 감소하고, 좌석의 높이를 높이면 전력으로 달릴 때와 회전할 때 움직임 수행력에 영향을 미쳤으며, 좌석의 높이와 핸드림의 그립 사이즈는 움직임 수행력에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않았다. [결론] 휠체어 코치 및 선수들은 이러한 휠체어 디자인 성능을 고려하여 최상의 휠체어-선수 간의 조합을 찾아야 할 것이다.
Abstract
[Purpose] A potential issue for wheelchair sports are the characteristics of wheelchair design. The purpose of this review was to investigate the characteristics of design in wheelchair sports including the height of seat, camber and handrim size for improving the performance. [Results] The optimum height of seat related to trunk, arm length and handrim size. The lower seat showed the push efficient highly, while higher seat increased the energy expenditure. In energy expenditure, the optimum height of seat was 100-120° of elbow angle. Handrim size play the role in gear. The smaller handrim size acts like high gear, it gains disadvantages in acceleration, it gains advantages in maximum velocity. On the contrary, the higher handrim size acts like low gear, it gains disadvantages in maximum speed, it gains advantages in acceleration. The ratio of gear consideration in power and velocity. When increased camber enhanced the lateral stability, easier catch the handrim and easier arm motion. So it improved the energy expenditure and push technique. When increased camber enhanced the mechanical efficiency and stability, but it decreased the power. The racing wheelchair camber using the 8° and 10°. [Conclusions] Athletes, coaches and wheelchair experts are provided with insight in the performance effect of key wheelchair design settings, and they are offered a proven sensitive method to apply in sports practice, in their search for the best wheelchair-athlete combination.
참고문헌 (42)
- Brattgard, S. O., "Enegy expenditure and heart rate in driving a wheel-chair ergometer", Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitative Medicine, 2, pp.143~148 (1970)
- Brubaker, C., "Effects of side slope on wheelchair performance", Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 23, pp.55~57 (1986)
- Buckley, S. M., "The Effects of Wheelchair Camber on Physiological and Perceptual Responses in Younger and Older Men", Adapted physical activity quarterly, 15, pp.36~50 (1998)
- Cavanagh, P., "Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, pp.326~331 (1985)
- Churton, E., "Constraints influencing sports wheelchair propulsion performance and injury risk", BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 28(5), pp.3~ (2013)
- Clarke, R., "Wheelchair sports: Technique and training in athletics" (1986), Woodheag-Faulkner
- Coast, J., "Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry", European Journal of Applied Physiology, 53, pp.339~342 (1985)
- Donovan, C., "Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: Effects of speed and work rate", Journal of Applied Physiology, 43, pp.431~439 (1977)
- Gaesser, G., "Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: Effects of speed and work rate", Journal of Applied Physiology, 38, pp.1132~1139 (1990)
- Goosey, V. L., "A kinematic analysis of the wheelchair racing techniques of male, female, and junior male athletes", Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 14, pp.156~165 (1997)
- Goosey, V. L., "Pushing Economy and Propulsion Technique of Wheelchair Racers at Three Speeds", Adapted physical activity quarterly, 15, pp.36~50 (1998)
- Groot, S. D., "Wheelchair propulsion technique and mechanical efficiency after 3 wk of practice", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 756~766 (2002)
- Huang, Y. C., "Mechanical energy and power flow analysis of wheelchair use with different camber settings", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 16(4), pp.403~412 (2013)
- Higgs, C., "An analysis of racing wheelchairs used at the 1980 Olympic Games for the Disabled", Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 54(3), pp.229~233 (1983)
- Hilbers, P. A., "Effects of wheelchair design on metabolic and heart rate responses during propulsion by persons with paraplegia", Physical Therapy, 67, pp.1355~1358 (1987)
- Horowitz, J., "High efficiency of typeⅠmuscle fibers improves performance", International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, pp.152~157 (1994)
- Hughes, C. J., "Biomechanics of wheelchair propulsion as a function of seat position and user-to-chair interface", Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, pp.263~269 (1992)
- Jones, D., "Economical aspects of wheelchair propulsion", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(5), pp.S32~ (1992)
- Jung, D., "The Effects of forward and backward propulsions on energy metabolism, upper body's muscle fatigue and wheeling motion in manual wheelchair", Ph.D., pp.1998
- Lim, B., "The effects of wheelchair camber and handrim size in wheelchair basketball movement", Ph.D., pp.2003
- Mason, B., "The ergonomics of wheelchair configuration for optimal sport performance", Ph.D., pp.2011
- Mason, B., "The effect of wheel size on mobility performance in wheelchair athletes", International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(10), pp.807~812 (2012)
- Meijs, P. J. M., "The effect of seat height on the physiological response and propulsion technique in wheelchair ambulation", Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences, 2(4), pp.104~107 (1989)
- Michielli, D., "Various pedalling frequencies at equivalent power outputs", New York State Medical Journal, 77, pp.744~746 (1977)
- Powers, S. K., "Exercise efficiency during arm ergometry : Effects of speed and work rate", Journal of applied physiology, 56, pp.495~499 (1984)
- Ridgway, M., "A kinematic analysis of 800 meter wheelchair-racing techniques", Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 5, pp.96~107 (1988)
- Sabari, J., "Impact of wheelchair seat height on neck and shoulder range of motion during functional task performance", Assistive Technology, 28(3), pp.183~189 (2016)
- Sanderson, D. J., "Kinematic features of wheelchair propulsion", Journal of Biomechanics, 18(6), pp.423~429 (1986)
- Seabury, J., "Influence of pedalling rate and power output on energy expenditure during bicycle ergometry", Ergonomics, 20, pp.491~498 (1977)
- Simim, M. A. M., "Load Monitoring Variables in Training and Competition Situations: A Systematic Review Applied to Wheelchair Sports", Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 34(4), pp.466~483 (2017)
- Statistics annual report, "Statistics Korea", ~ (2016)
- Tsai, C. Y., "The effects of rear-wheel camber on the kinematics of upper extremity during wheelchair propulsion", Biomedical Engineering Online, 22(11), pp.87~ (2012)
- Trudel, G., "Effects of rear-wheel camber on wheelchair stability", Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78, pp.78~81 (1997)
- Trudel, G., "Mechanical effects of rear-wheel camber on wheelchairs", Assistive Technology : the Official Journal of RESNA, 7, pp.79~86 (1995)
- van der Slikke, R. M. A., "Wheel skid correction is a prerequisite to reliably measure wheelchair sports kinematics based on inertial sensors", Procedia Engineering, 112, pp.207~212 (2015)
- van der Slikke, R. M. A., "Wheelchair Mobility Performance enhancement by Changing Wheelchair Properties; What is the Effect of Grip, Seat Height and Mass?", International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12, pp.1~31 (2018)
- Vanlandewijck, Y. C., "Wheelchair propulsion efficiency: movement pattern adaptations to speed changes", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, pp.1373~1381 (1994)
- Veeger, D., "Effect of handrim velocity on mechanical efficiency in wheelchair propulsion", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(1), pp.100~107 (1992)
- Veeger, H. E. J., "EMG and movement pattern in maunal wheelchair propulsion", Proceedings of International Society of Electromyography and Kinesiology, pp.489~492 (1988), ISEK
- Wang, Y. T., "Three-dimensional kinematics of wheelchair propulsion across racing speeds", Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 12, pp.78~89 (1995)
- Woude, L. H. V. van der, "The effect of sitting height on physiology and propulsion technique", Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Research in Rehabilitation (1988)
- Woude, L. H. V., "Seat height in handrim wheelchair propulsion : A follow up study", Journal of Rehabilitation Science, 3, pp.79~83 (1990)