세기말에 여성은 왜 팜므 파탈이 되었는가? - 팜므 파탈의 어원과 기원 그리고 세기말 팜므 파탈의 창녀화에 관하여 -
Why femme fatale in the End of the 19th - Century Europe and America?
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
There have been lots of previous researches investigating various figures of femme fatale in Western literature and painting; however, scarcely have there been ones which are dealing with the reason for femme fatale’s preponderance in the fin-de-siècle Europe and America. Even if we acknowledge that every age produced its own femme fatale, the fin-de-siècle Europe and America was notoriously unique for their mass production and consumption of various evil femme fatale figures like Lilith, Salome, Judith and Lulu, to name a few. This article is, therefore, an effort to investigate the reason why femme fatale phenomenon was rampant especially in the 19th fin-de-siècle, while analyzing the transmutation and degradation of femme fatale to prostitute at that specific period especially in France. Even if one explains femme fatale is a phantasy and masculine projection derived from the fear of feminism in the anxious age of urban industrialism and imperialism, one cannot easily identify its popularity in the end of the 19th century because this definition of femme fatale is not directly related to its formation and genesis. The question to be raised here is therefore that why there was a reflective projection against women and how could easily be the process of projection made? The fin-de-siècle men could do this because they could find an appropriate projection in the iconic figure of prostitutes, the number of which was notoriously increasing around that time. Among many various figures such as “prostitute, new woman, suffragist, virago, primitive woman, and liberated woman” (Stott 30), prostitute was an easy projectile target for a decadent symbol in the fin-de-siècle Western defensive male imagination because she was easily to be regarded as a death dealing agent of then incurable syphilis which haunted men for several ages. The rampant existence of prostituting femme fatales in the end of the 19th century left a very negative impact upon the image of women. However, the namesake of femme fatale is soothsayer (託宣巫女), “a figure who transmits heaven’s will and order,” and even can be understood a manifestation of female subjectivity in modern sense. It is time now therefore to recover the initiatory meaning of femme fatale, “the one who gives life,” as evidenced by original femme fatale, Eve whose literal meaning is, as contrary to popular belief, life (Hawah), not death.
Abstract
There have been lots of previous researches investigating various figures of femme fatale in Western literature and painting; however, scarcely have there been ones which are dealing with the reason for femme fatale’s preponderance in the fin-de-siècle Europe and America. Even if we acknowledge that every age produced its own femme fatale, the fin-de-siècle Europe and America was notoriously unique for their mass production and consumption of various evil femme fatale figures like Lilith, Salome, Judith and Lulu, to name a few. This article is, therefore, an effort to investigate the reason why femme fatale phenomenon was rampant especially in the 19th fin-de-siècle, while analyzing the transmutation and degradation of femme fatale to prostitute at that specific period especially in France. Even if one explains femme fatale is a phantasy and masculine projection derived from the fear of feminism in the anxious age of urban industrialism and imperialism, one cannot easily identify its popularity in the end of the 19th century because this definition of femme fatale is not directly related to its formation and genesis. The question to be raised here is therefore that why there was a reflective projection against women and how could easily be the process of projection made? The fin-de-siècle men could do this because they could find an appropriate projection in the iconic figure of prostitutes, the number of which was notoriously increasing around that time. Among many various figures such as “prostitute, new woman, suffragist, virago, primitive woman, and liberated woman” (Stott 30), prostitute was an easy projectile target for a decadent symbol in the fin-de-siècle Western defensive male imagination because she was easily to be regarded as a death dealing agent of then incurable syphilis which haunted men for several ages. The rampant existence of prostituting femme fatales in the end of the 19th century left a very negative impact upon the image of women. However, the namesake of femme fatale is soothsayer (託宣巫女), “a figure who transmits heaven’s will and order,” and even can be understood a manifestation of female subjectivity in modern sense. It is time now therefore to recover the initiatory meaning of femme fatale, “the one who gives life,” as evidenced by original femme fatale, Eve whose literal meaning is, as contrary to popular belief, life (Hawah), not death.
참고문헌 (48)
- 김상일, "한밝문명론 — 한민족 통일의식의 기원과 역사" (1988), 지식산업사
- 김형기, "‘세기전환기’의 독일문학에 나타난 성과 사랑의 담론 — 프랑크 베데킨트의 희곡문학을 중심으로", 인문과학논총, 2, pp.125~148 (1996)
- 류진현, "문화현상으로서의 <데카당스> - 19세기말 프랑스 문학의 한 흐름", 불어불문학연구, (58), pp.469~497 (2004), 한국불어불문학회
- 민희식, "성서의 뿌리 — 오리엔트 문명과 구약성서" (2015), 블루리본
- 이명옥, "팜므 파탈 -- 치명적 여인들의 거부할 수 없는 유혹" (2008), 시공아트
- 이상복, "여성신화와 반(反)신화 －프랑크 베데킨트의 이중비극『룰루』의 유혹 모티프를 중심으로－", 브레히트와 현대연극, (10), pp.127~144 (2003), 한국브레히트학회
- 이재진, "붸데킨트의 드라마에 나타나는 여성상과 신화적 특성 - 룰루-괴기비극의 상징성을 중심으로 -", 독어교육, 25, pp.16~428 (2002), 한국독어독문학교육학회
- 이주헌, "미술로 보는 20세기" (1991), 학고재
- Allen, Virginia, "The Femme Fatale: Erotic Icon" (1983), Whiston
- Andriano, Joseph, "Our Ladies of Darkness: Feminine Daemonology in Male Gothic Fiction" (1993), The Penn State UP
- Bade, Patrick, "Femme Fatale: Images of Evil and Fascinating Women" (1979), Mayflower
- Billinghurst, Jane, "Temptress: From the Original Bad Girls to Women on Top" (2003), Greystone
- Brantlinger, Patrick, "Rule of Darkness" (1988), Cornell UP
- Bronfen, Elisabeth, "Liebestod und Femme Fatale" (2004), Suhrkamp
- Bronfen, Elisabeth, "Over Her Dead Body: Death, Femininity, and the Aesthetic" (1992), Routledge
- Bronfen, Elisabeth, "Femme Fatale -- Negotiations of Tragic Desire", NLH, 35(1), pp.103~116 (2004)
- Bullough Vern, "Woman and Prostitution: A Social History" (1992), 까치
- Deleuze, Gilles, "안티 오이디푸스" (2015), 민음사
- Dijkstra, Bram, "Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-de-Siècle Culture" (1986), Oxford UP
- Dijkstra, Bram, "Evil Sisters: The Threat of Female Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Culture" (1996), Henry Holt
- Doane, "Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis" (1997), Routledge
- Dowling, Linda, "The Decadent and the New Woman in the 1890's", Nineteenth Century Fiction, 33(4), pp.434~453 (1979)
- Durand, Gilbert, "신화비평과 신화분석 — 심층사회학을 위하여" (1998), 살림
- Finney, Gail, "Women in Modern Drama: Freud, Feminism, and European Theater at the Turn of the Century" (1989), Cornell UP
- Haas, Willy, "세기말과 세기초: 벨 에포크" (1994), 까치
- Hallisay, Margaret, "Venomous Woman: Fear of the Female in Literature" (1987), Greenwood
- Hedgecock, Jennifer, "The Femme Fatale in Victorian Literature: The Danger and the Sexual Threat" (2008), Cambria P
- Hilmes, Carola, "Dei Femme Fatale : Ein Weiblickkeitstypus in der nachromantischen Literatur" (1990), J. B Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung
- Hoffman-Curtius, Kathrin, "Women and Death: Representations of Female Victims and Perpetrators in German Culture 1500-2000" (2008), Camden
- Hurwitz, Siegmund, "Lilith -- The First Eve: Historical and Psychological Aspects of the Dark Feminine" (1992), Daimon Verlag
- Hustvedt, Asti, "The Decadent Reader: Fiction, Fantasy, and Perversion from Fin-de-Siècle France", pp.11~29 (1998), Zone
- Huyssen, Andreas, "After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism" (1986), Indiana UP
- Jung, Carl, "상징과 리비도" (2005), 솔
- Kennedy, Paul, "British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century" (1984), Palgrave
- Mainon, Dominique, "Femme Fatale: Cinema's Most Unforgettable Ladies" (2009), Limelight
- Marshall, Gail, "The Cambridge Companion to Fin De Siècle" (2007), Cambridge UP
- Menon, Elizabeth, "Evil by Design: The Creation and Marketing of the Femme Fatale" (2006), U of Illinois P
- Nead, Lynda, "Myths of Sexuality: Representations of Women in Victorian Britain" (1990), Blackwell
- Paglia, Camille, "Sexual Personae : Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickens" (1990), Yale UP
- Pick, Daniel, "Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, 1848-1918" (1989), Cambridge UP
- Praz, Mario, "The Romantic Agony" (1970), Oxford UP
- Prioleau, Betsy, "Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love" (2003), Penguin
- Schorske, Carl, "Fin de Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture" (1980), Knopf
- Spengler, Oswald, "서구의 몰락" (1995), 범우사
- Stocker, Margarita, "Sexual Warrior: Women and Power in Western Culture" (1998), Yale UP
- Stott, Rebecca, "The Fabrication of the Late Victorian Femme Fatale: The Kiss of Death" (1992), MacMillan
- Teich, Mikulas, "Fin de Siècle and its Legacy" (1990), Cambridge UP
- Zizek, Slavoj, "폭력이란 무엇인가 -- 폭력에 대한 6가지 삐딱한 성찰" (2012), 난장이