Support for Measures to Address the Marginalization of the Third Gender in Bangladesh
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The third gender, or hijra community, is the representative transgender community in Bangladesh that faces discrimination and marginalization due to social stigma and broad discrimination in many social areas. This paper presents the status of the third gender or hijra in Bangladesh, benchmarks international policy approaches regional standards for third gender policy in South Asia and presents ongoing and proposed Bangladeshi initiatives. This study conducted structured interviews of a purposive sample of 50 people from groups likely to participate in politics and help from public opinion to investigate attitudes towards third gender or hijra and current policy measures and options proposed by government and transgender advocates and based on the measures found internationally. It was found that improvements in transgender rights internationally have most often taken the form of recognition, followed by legal equality, then antidiscrimination, and finally, various welfare measures ranging from quotas to various benefits, including income support. Welfare measures are much less common. Most interviewees supported most of the measures implemented or proposed in Bangladesh, with the broadest human rights, antidiscrimination, education, inclusion, equality, and recognition measures receiving the most substantial support. In contrast, the weakest support went to measures that involved increased administrative burdens and costs, while a few interviewees were hostile toward most measures. Conclusions are then drawn for policy and further study.
Abstract
The third gender, or hijra community, is the representative transgender community in Bangladesh that faces discrimination and marginalization due to social stigma and broad discrimination in many social areas. This paper presents the status of the third gender or hijra in Bangladesh, benchmarks international policy approaches regional standards for third gender policy in South Asia and presents ongoing and proposed Bangladeshi initiatives. This study conducted structured interviews of a purposive sample of 50 people from groups likely to participate in politics and help from public opinion to investigate attitudes towards third gender or hijra and current policy measures and options proposed by government and transgender advocates and based on the measures found internationally. It was found that improvements in transgender rights internationally have most often taken the form of recognition, followed by legal equality, then antidiscrimination, and finally, various welfare measures ranging from quotas to various benefits, including income support. Welfare measures are much less common. Most interviewees supported most of the measures implemented or proposed in Bangladesh, with the broadest human rights, antidiscrimination, education, inclusion, equality, and recognition measures receiving the most substantial support. In contrast, the weakest support went to measures that involved increased administrative burdens and costs, while a few interviewees were hostile toward most measures. Conclusions are then drawn for policy and further study.
참고문헌 (32)
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