스코틀랜드 『제1치리서』와 교육개혁
The First Book of Discipline and the Reform of Education in Scotland
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스코틀랜드 『제1치리서』는 종교개혁서이지만 보편교육을 목표로 삼고 있다. 종교개혁가들은 누구나 성경을 읽을 수 있는 교회를 원했고, 이를 위해서 모든 이에게 교육의 기회를 제공하고자 하였다. 『제1치리서』는 종교개혁 정신에 따라 교구학교와 문법학교, 그리고 대학교육에 대한 전반적인 개혁안을 제시하였다. 이러한 『제1치리서』의 이상은 종교개혁 이후 초기 15년간에는 거의 진전이 없었다. 교구학교의 설립은 종교개혁 이후 거의 1세기가 지니도록 이루어지지 않았다. 대학의 경우는 1570년대 중반까지 중세적 교육과정이 그대로 남아 있었고, 교수들 가운데는 여전히 『스코틀랜드 신앙고백서』를 따르지 않는 이들도 남아 있었다. 일부 열정적인 신교 학자들의 경우에도 학문적 깊이는 없었다. 대학의 개혁은 1574년 앤드류 멜빌이 귀국하면서 비로소 이루어졌다. 1570년대 후반과 1580년대 전반에 글래스고 대학과 세인트앤드루스 대학은 빠른 속도로 『제1치리서』가 규정대로 개혁을 추진하였다. 이는 종교개혁이 일시적으로 진척된 결과이다. 1590년 후반부터는 교회개혁의 후퇴로 인해 대학의 개혁도 중지되었다. 이 같이 늦은 교육개혁은 늦은 종교개혁에서 기인한 것이다.
Abstract
Scotland is one of the best examples to show that the reform of the church and the reform of education went along each other. The First Book of Discipline, which was adopted as the polity of the reformed church of Scotland in 1561 illuminates this clearly. The First Book of Discipline aimed at the universal education, and prescribed that every christian should be able to read the bible. The First Book of Discipline recommended a broad educational reform based on the reformation ideal for all levels of school. However, these ambitions were rarely achieved in the first 15 years of the Scottish reformation. This was much to do with slow progress in the church reform. Parish schools and grammar schools were hardly reformed in that period. The university reform made little progress as the medieval curriculum remained unchanged, and many of regents were still professing Catholicism. In the late 1570s and the early 1580s, the universities of Glasgow and St Andrews have been rapidly transformed according to the First Book of Discipline, due to the rise of presbyterianism. However, this reform movement did not last long, as the church reform came into turmoil again in the late 1590s. The universal education continued to extended its scope over a century, but not in the national scale. The educational reform in Scotland took exactly the same course of the church reform. The elongated Scottish reformation was the main reason for the slow educational reform.
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