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중국식 신자유주의와 차별화된 공동체 성원권 - 성공한 향진기업 화서촌(華西村)의 사례를 중심으로

Chinese Neoliberalism and the Differentiated Community Membership - A Case Study of Huaxi, the China's Richest Village

양한순
중국학연구회 (The Society Of Chinese Studies)|2008.09|중국학연구|제45호|pp. 535-566

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참고문헌

주제분류중국어와문학

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Abstract

This paper examines how neoliberalism is developing in Chinese people's everyday life by analyzing the differentiated community membership in a rich village named Huaxi. Arguing that the emergence of a contractual citizenship is one of essential features of neoliberalism, this study shows that both the hukou system and the contract responsibility system(chengbao) are playing an important role in developing the contractual membership in China. There are four different groups of people who are working in Huaxi: native villagers, migrant workers, new villagers, and villagers in peripheral Huaxi. In Huaxi, only native villagers have full community membership enjoying political rights, luxury houses, cars, and other welfare subsidies. Not having Huaxi hukou, migrant workers have no legal rights to ask for full membership in Huaxi. Thus, employing these cheap migrant labor, Huaxi can save a lot of labor cost. This is why more than 80% of the total workforce in Huaxi comes from migrant workers. New villagers are those who bought the blue-stamp hukou from Huaxi. However, the opportunity to buy Huaxi hukou is not open to everybody. Huaxi sells its hukou from time to time only to a small number of people who have high quality labor. The distribution system is another source that produces differentiated community memberships in Huaxi. People in Huaxi have four income sources: salary, welfare subsidies, bonus, and dividend. In terms of salary and welfare subsidies, there are little gaps among different groups of people in Huaxi. It is the bonus and the dividend that brings radical income gap among the people in Huaxi. The payment system is Huaxi is similar to the neoliberal payment system of the U. S. in that the bonus and the dividend are major source of income gap in the company. Under the contract responsibility system, it is believed that a large amount of bonus is given to a CEO in return for their ability to achieve a goal. In this way, the bonus system legitimizes the income gap between a CEO and an ordinary worker. In China, neoliberalism does not work alone. Also, it does not necessarily conflict with socialist institutions or traditional practices. Instead, Chinese neoliberalism is often mediated by socialist institutions such as hukou and collectivism. Now the hukou system is used to legitimize the exploitation of migrant workers. In Huaxi, the collectivism was employed mainly to accumulate capital. Ironically, it might be said that Chinese neoliberalism develops in the name of socialism.

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