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냉전사 연구의 궤적: 정통주의에서 담론적 전회에 이르기까지

Trajectories of the Cold War History: From the traditionalist to the discursive approach

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역사연구소 (The Institute for the Study of History)|2018.09|史叢(사총) (SA-CHONG(sa))|제95호|pp. 1-34|DOI 10.16957/sa..95.201809.1

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참고문헌

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냉전Cold WarCultural Turn담론적 전회문화적 전회전지구적 전회사회과학 지식Discursive TurnGlobal TurnSocial Scientific Knowledge

초록

이 논문은 냉전에 대한 기존의 역사적 접근을 정리하고 최근 대두한 새로운 인식론적 전회(들)을 분석하며 이 특집에 실린 다른 논문과의 연계 속에서 냉전사에 대한 담론적 전회를 모색한다. 지금까지 냉전사 연구는, 그 성과에도 불구하고, 냉전 자체의 설명력의 과도한 활용을 통해 냉전 시기 전개된 다양한 정치적･사회적･문화적 변화를 동어반복적으로 설명하고 있다. 따라서 냉전사의 기획은 이제 냉전 자체의 재정의를 필요로 하고 있다. 냉전 시기라는 단순한 시대 지정에 의한 기술(記述)과 냉전적 구조라는 환원론적 분석을 넘어 냉전 자체의 역사화와 해체, 재구성이 필요한 지점이다. 냉전의 역사화와 해체적 재구성을 위해서는 국제정치학이 상정한 냉전의 행위 주체, 특히 국민국가를 보다 작은 단위의 실천(practice)로 분절화하고 이들 안에서 다양한 행위 주체성을 발굴해 내는 것을 의미한다. 복수의 행위 주체성이 추동하는 냉전의 역사화는 이미 진행되어온 냉전사의 “문화적 전회(cultural turn)”와 “전지구적 전회(global turn)”를 더욱 심화시키며 나아가 “담론적 전회(discursive turn)”의 가능성을 제시한다. 냉전 기간 생산되는 지식, 특히 사회과학 지식은 냉전적 상황에 대한 반응만은 아니었다. 이들은 냉전 구조 자체를 강화하거나 재생산하기도 하고, 나아가 냉전적 구조에 균열을 일으키기도 하며, 냉전 이후에도 지속적인 영향력을 가져왔다. 냉전 기간 지식의 진리-주장(truth claims)과 정치가 맺는 복잡한 관계를 탐색하는 것은 냉전의 복잡다단한 구조와 전개를 비-환원적으로 분석하는 단초가 될 것이며 냉전이 우리 시대에 갖는 지속적인 지적 영향력과 함의를 유추할 수 있는 역사적 근거가 될 것이다. 나아가 냉전사의 담론적 전회는 지식 자체 뿐 아니라 지식생산･유통 제도와 기제에 초점을 맞추어 냉전을 분석하여 냉전이라는 역사적 대상 자체가 담론적 구성물(discursive construct)이며 냉전 체제가 생성하는 지식은 냉전에 “관한” 것일 뿐 아니라 냉전 자체를 “구성”하였음을 밝히고자 한다. 냉전 당대의 냉전사의 성립과정과 소련 문서고 개방 이후 냉전사 연구 동향을 정리하고 냉전의 사회과학 지식에 대한 연구를 정리하고 분석하는 이 논문은 냉전사의 담론적 전회의 가능성을 타진해 보고자 한다.

Abstract

This article aims at surveying existing literature in Cold War history and analyzing epistemological turns, for the possibility of a discursive turn in Cold War history. Despite its accomplishments, the Cold War history so far cannot escape tautological explanations of a variety of Cold War phenomena through reciting the Cold War. The enterpis of the Cold War history requires a radical redefinition through historicization, deconstruction and reconstruction of the Cold War, beyond simple description according to chronological designation as well as reductive analysis. The historicization and deconstructive reconstruction of the Cold War re-articulates the nation-states, primary agencies in the Cold War history, into multiple practices and rediscovers a variety of hitherto overlooked agencies. The historicization of the Cold War based on multiple agencies will further the cultural and global turns, while pointing to a possibility of the discursive turn. The knowledge, especially social specific corpus of knowledge, produced in the Cold War was not simple reaction to the Cold War: it also fortified, reproduced or even cause cleavages in the Cold Wat structure, while having lasting impacts in the post-Cold War societies. The relationship between the truth-claims of the Cold War knowledge and the Cold War politcis may be the starting point for non-reductive understanding of the Cold War. This discursive turn may also inform us of the fact that the emphasis on the knowledge production and circbulation in the Cold War reveal the very discursive nature of the Cold War itself, testifying that the Cold War knowledge was not only “about” but also “constitutive of” the Cold War itself.

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