晩唐 시기 座主와 門生의 관계와 문학상의 영향‒ 皮日休와 鄭愚를 중심으로 ‒
Effect of the Relationship between Zuozhu and Mensheng on Literature During the Late Tang Dynasty ‒ Focusing on Zhengyu and Pirixiu ‒
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晩唐 懿宗 咸通 연간은 蠻族과 南詔와의 전쟁으로 唐 왕조의 국력이 크게 소모되던 시기였다. 이 시기 寒門 출신의 皮日休는 襄陽에서 학문을 닦으며 입신의 길을 모색하였다. 당시 과거제도에는 응시자들이 시험 전 禮 部에 자신의 글을 바치는 省卷의 절차가 있었으며 進士에 대한 최종 선발권이 禮部侍郎 知貢擧에게 있었다. 皮日休는 세 차례 과거에 응시하였던 것으로 보이는데 咸通 7년(866) 두 번째 응시한 과거에서 낙방한 뒤 『皮 子文藪』를 省卷으로 바치고 이듬해 咸通 8년(867)에 進士 급제하였다. 皮日休는 省卷 속에 당시 현안에 대한詩文을 수록하였는데 그중에는 그를 선발한 禮部侍郎 鄭愚와 연관된 것도 있었다. 鄭愚는 咸通 3년 嶺南西道 節度使로 임명되어 南詔와 蠻族의 침입으로부터 嶺南을 방어하는 중책을 맡았으나 열세에 빠지자 스스로 사임하였다. 中唐 이후 禮部侍郎과 급제자는 座主와 門生의 관계로 결속되어 朋黨을 이루기도 하였는데 그 여파가咸通 연간에도 이어졌다. 鄭愚와 皮日休 사이에는 徐商과 裴坦·令狐綯·令狐滈 등의 인맥들이 연결되어 있었으며 이들 대부분은 과거 牛黨에 속한 인물들이었다. 皮日休의 嶺南 지역 이민족 정책에 대한 詩文은 儒家 의 정치관에 바탕을 두고 있으나 이후 座主가 된 鄭愚의 정치적 입장도 반영되어 있다.
Abstract
Pirixiu(皮日休), a literary man in the late Tang Dynasty(晩唐), passed the civil service Jinshike(進 士科) examination at the age of 34 in 867. He took the examination at 30 for the first time in 863, but failed and failed again in 866. Pirixiu from common landlord economy retired to Lumen(鹿門) in Xiangyang(襄陽) and devoted xingjuan(行卷) brushing up on studies and calling on bureaucrats. He then collected 『Piziwensou(皮子文藪)』 in 866, dedicated it to libushilang(禮部侍郎) Zhengyu(鄭 愚) and passed an examination in 867. After the middle Tang Dynasty(中唐) the system of the civil service examination was expanded and increased the number of bureaucrats. It resulted in the increse of applicants and the overheated competition. After the middle Tang Dynasty(中唐) libushilang (禮部侍郎) was a government position which has the autonomy to select successful candidates in the examination. In general a successful examinee and ibushilang(禮部侍郎) build a relationship between zuozhu(門生) and wensheng(座主), regard wensheng(座主) as a mentor and then join his political group. Therefore, it is likely that 『Piziwensou』 contains writings which could present his scholarship and talent to Zhengyu(鄭愚) and based on political stand of Zhengyu(鄭愚). Pirixiu especially gathered satirical poems expressing political opinions of the time in 『Piziwensou』 and mentioned his view on Nanzhao(南詔) which was the most imminent task at the moment through essays and poetries. Zhengyu(鄭愚) was appointed as Lingnanxidao jiedushi(嶺南西道節度使) in Xiantong(咸通) 3 and took a heavy responsibility which leads a punitive force in Nanzhao(南詔). However he was not able to handle his post and resign. The criticism of Pirixiu did not target Zhengyu(鄭愚), but criticized policies on Nanzhao(南詔) succeeded until Xiantong(咸通) 6, the inability and corruption of officials in Lingnan(嶺南), and the military discipline which did not follow the officials from civil service. He defended the policy based on Rujia(儒家) in political views and supported large-scale military activities. His political attitude seems as a choice to have been considered the political stand of Zhengyu(鄭愚). Most of all, he tried to explain his awareness and talent on the duty of a civil official by performing a responsibility of a poet who communicates the voice of people drafted and sacrificed a long way away to the ruling classes.
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