RST Invariant Digital Watermarking Based on Image Representation by Wedges and Rings
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초록
This paper describes a new image watermarking scheme invariant to rotation, scaling and translation (RST) attacks. For obtaining the invariance properties we propose to present an image of watermark by wedges and rings to convert its rotation to shift and then utilize the shift invariance property of the Direct Fourier Transform (DFT). But in contrast to conversional schemes based on the Fourier-Mellin transform (FMT), we do not use a log-polar mapping (LPM). As a result, our scheme preserves high quality of original image since it is not underwent to LPM. For withstanding against JPEG compression, noise addition and low-pass (LP) filtering attacks a low frequency watermark is embedded into middle frequencies of the original image. Experiments with various attacks show the robustness of the proposed scheme.
Abstract
This paper describes a new image watermarking scheme invariant to rotation, scaling and translation (RST) attacks. For obtaining the invariance properties we propose to present an image of watermark by wedges and rings to convert its rotation to shift and then utilize the shift invariance property of the Direct Fourier Transform (DFT). But in contrast to conversional schemes based on the Fourier-Mellin transform (FMT), we do not use a log-polar mapping (LPM). As a result, our scheme preserves high quality of original image since it is not underwent to LPM. For withstanding against JPEG compression, noise addition and low-pass (LP) filtering attacks a low frequency watermark is embedded into middle frequencies of the original image. Experiments with various attacks show the robustness of the proposed scheme.
참고문헌 (6)
- Dong Zheng, "RST invariant digital image watermarking based on log-polar mapping and phase correlation", IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 13(8), pp.153~165 (2003)
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- Choong-Hoon Lee, "Image watermarking resistant to combined geometric and removal attacks", International Journal of Image and Graphics, 5(1), pp.1~29 (2004)
- S. Pereira, "Robust template matching for affine resistant image watermarks", IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 통권 : 9, pp.1123~1129 (2000)
- P. Bas, "Image watermarking an evolution to content based approaches", Pattern Recognition, 35(3), pp.545~561 (2002)
- Dimitrios Simitopoulos, "Robust image watermarking based on generized random transformations", IEEE trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 13(8), pp.732~745 (2003)