Hungarian Sources on the Mongols
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The western end of the vast belt of steppe grassland is the Hungarian plain (Alföld), located in the Carpathian basin [Plate 1]. This territory was the last stop of the migrations of nomad tribes, like Huns, Rourans etc., coming from the East. At the end of the 9th century Hungarian tribes conquered the Carpathian basin and one hundred years later they established a kingdom. However, the migration to this territory did not stop, during the following centuries mainly Pechenegs, Jassics, Cumans entered the Carpathian basin in small groups. Over the centuries they were assimilated into the Hungarians and lost their culture. The situation changed in the 13th century, when powerful Cuman tribes, fleeing from the Mongols, asked the Hungarian king to admit them into the kingdom. In 1241 the Mongolian invasion reached the Carpathian basin. They entered into the Hungarian Kingdom. The Mongols defeated the Hungarian army at the battlefield of Muhi in April 11-12. The opponent of Batu, Chingis khan’s grandson, was the Hungarian King IV. Béla, who had to flee due to the crushing defeat. At first, the Mongol army occupied the Eastern part of the kingdom and in winter they crossed the frozen Danube River and raided the western part, but in the spring of 1242 they suddenly retreated. The measure of the devastation under the Mongol occupation is uncertain, however, it must be very significant as the written and archaeological evidences imply. In this paper I give an introduction to the Hungarian sources related to the Mongols. These are classified into three main groups: written, pictorial sources and archaeological findings.
Abstract
The western end of the vast belt of steppe grassland is the Hungarian plain (Alföld), located in the Carpathian basin [Plate 1]. This territory was the last stop of the migrations of nomad tribes, like Huns, Rourans etc., coming from the East. At the end of the 9th century Hungarian tribes conquered the Carpathian basin and one hundred years later they established a kingdom. However, the migration to this territory did not stop, during the following centuries mainly Pechenegs, Jassics, Cumans entered the Carpathian basin in small groups. Over the centuries they were assimilated into the Hungarians and lost their culture. The situation changed in the 13th century, when powerful Cuman tribes, fleeing from the Mongols, asked the Hungarian king to admit them into the kingdom. In 1241 the Mongolian invasion reached the Carpathian basin. They entered into the Hungarian Kingdom. The Mongols defeated the Hungarian army at the battlefield of Muhi in April 11-12. The opponent of Batu, Chingis khan’s grandson, was the Hungarian King IV. Béla, who had to flee due to the crushing defeat. At first, the Mongol army occupied the Eastern part of the kingdom and in winter they crossed the frozen Danube River and raided the western part, but in the spring of 1242 they suddenly retreated. The measure of the devastation under the Mongol occupation is uncertain, however, it must be very significant as the written and archaeological evidences imply. In this paper I give an introduction to the Hungarian sources related to the Mongols. These are classified into three main groups: written, pictorial sources and archaeological findings.
참고문헌 (28)
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