쌍쓰끄리땀의 아누쓰바라와 콧소리 표기, 그 역사적 맥락과 표기 원칙
Writing anusvāra and nasal consonants in Sanskrit, the question of principle and its historical context for practical orientation
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쌍쓰끄리땀의 표기에서 콧소리(nasal)의 표기와 아누쓰바라(anusvāra)의 사용에 대한 한 상당한 정도의 혼란이 상존하는 것으로 보인다. 근본적인 이유는 빠니니문법의 해석을 잘못 이해한 전문가들의 태도 때문이라고 보인다. 키파스키(Kiparsky)의 해석에 따라 분명히 “더 바람직한” 표기방식이 규정되어 있음을 밝히고자 한다. P.8.4.58～59의 규정에 따라 더 바람직한 표기방식이 무엇인지를 밝히고 그러한 결정의 역사적 의미와 맥락을 규명한다. 이를 위해 『따읻띠리야쁘라띠샤캬』(Taittirīyaprātiśākhya)를 중심으로 역사적인 다양한 분석들을 살피고 그 공통분모를 추출하여 콧소리가 문제되는 맥락을 살핀다. 이를 통해 실용적이고 구체적인 표기의 원칙을 독자들에게 제공하고자 한다. 아누쓰바라가 쓰일 수 있는 세 경우를 구분하고 이 경우들의 맥락에 따라 일관된 표기 원칙을 따라야 함을 밝힌다. 터짐소리 자음 앞에서는 -m이 각 터짐소리와 한무리인 콧소리로 발음되는 경우이므로 같은 무리에 속하는 콧소리 혹은 아누쓰바라 사용할 수 있지만, 빠니니문법에 따른다면 후자가 바람직한 표기라는 것을 밝힌다. 결국 일관되게 “sāṃkhya”, “saṃjñā”, “saṃtāna”로 표기하거나 “sāṅkhya”, “sañjñā”, “santāna”로 표기하거나 한 쪽을 택할 수는 있겠지만 후자가 바람직하다는 말이다. 추가로 Monier-Williams의 사전에서 “haṃsa”를 “haṉsa”로 표기하여 역사적 어원을 밝히고자 한 시도 등등이 왜 무의미하거나 부작용이 더 큰 시도인지 해명된다.
Abstract
The majority of Sanskrit researchers are confronted with diverse, or rather chaotic conventions in writing and using anusvāra and other nasals in Sanskrit writing. To make matters worse, it seems difficult to find references to clear and pragmatic answers to these questions. It is very strange to observe this situation even in times when there are numerous scholars who are worthy of giving authoritative answers. The reason for the hesitation of experts, I guess, to give a plain and definitive answer comes from the interpretation of the alternative possibilities given in the Pāṇinian rules. But as Kiparsky reveals in his book of the year of 1980, the Pāṇinian sūtra, P.8.5.49 does not just present a simple alternative possibility, but a suggestion of a more preferable articulation. Based on further assumptions that Sanskrit is written as pronounced, and that we ignore the practical limitations given by the historical developments of Indian scripts, we are able to give clear and unequivocal directions of how and how far anusvāra and (savarga) nasal consonants are to be used. This orthographic question is related to a multi-layered and diverse historical problems. One part of it is the phonetic and phonemic analysis of the anusvāra sound, in contrast to anunāsika. I review some discussions around this theme presented in some prātiśākhya texts, which have relevance to Pāṇinian standpoint. The Taittirīya-Prātiśākhya is mainly consulted for the reason that it gives detailed descriptions of the differences among the numerous prātiśākhya traditions as well as the different opinions in the same tradition itself. After distinguishing some historically connected issues to the theme, I would like to present a practical and clear suggestions to the orthographic orientation in writing nasal sounds in Sanskrit in general. Three cases of anusvāra sounds are sorted out and the principle of consistency to be followed in orthography is clarified. Furthermore, the preferable way of writing nasal sounds in Sanskrit is suggested for practical uses. In the closing, some problematic attempts observable in the Monier-Williams’ dictionary to represent some historical analysis of the nasal sounds in a very sporadic way is reviewed in a clarifying and critical way.
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