복지국가의 보편화와 독자화- 50~60년대 서구 복지국가발전의 배경과 현상 -
Growing welfare state and its self-establishment
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초록
19세기 후반 이래 확립된 국가의 복지과제는 헌법, 평등, 정의 등의 이념에 포섭되면서 팽창하고 또 보편화되었다. 사회권이 보편적인 인권으로 자리잡았으며, 참여민주주의가 확산되었다. 선거권이 확대되어 복지생산의 정치화가 이루어졌다. 평등은 복지생산에 있어서 계속 예민해져 갔다. 복지국가적 정의는 다차원적, 그리고 다층적으로 실현되어야 했다. 그 결과 사회적 위험이 확대되었고, 또 재인식되었다. 특히 1950-60년대 복지국가의 팽창과 보편화는 이에 유리한 정치적, 경제적 및 국제적 환경이 뒷받침이 되었다. 이러한 발전과정에서 복지생산의 구조는 진화하였다. 즉 복지생산이 더 이상 경제질서를 보충하는 위치를 갖는데 그치지 않고 독자적인 체계를 형성하고 정치화하였다. 이는 한편으로 보면 복지생산이 되돌릴 수 있는 국가의 과제로 확립되었다는 시대의 성과였다. 그러나 다른 한편 복지생산이 독자화ㆍ정치구조화 되면서 규범적ㆍ이념적으로 복잡한 분배를 위한 투쟁의 장으로 발전하게 되었다는 부담을 가져왔다. 이 부담은 특히 성장이 아닌 긴축의 분배가 필요한 이후 시대에 분배의 본질적인 기준을 다시 정비하는 과제로 나타난다.
Abstract
The welfare state has been growing and spread all over the world since the end of the 19th century. The constitutional law and various conception of the equalities and justices have contributed to this development. The social rights have been recognized as a core of the human rights. The participatory democracy has been advocated. The principle of the general election was followed by the welfare politics. The idea of the equality was made sensitive in the welfare production. Justices should be realized in various fields and dimensions. As a result of theses development the range of the social risks has been enlarged. And the social risks came to have new contents. The growth of the welfare states during the 50s and 60s has been enhanced by the political, economic and international environments. The welfare states experienced the new shaping. That is; The welfare production is no more subordinate to the economic order, but is formed as a self-establishing system and situated in the political structure. That means that the welfare states are now irreversible. But this brought the political burden in the sense that the welfare production developed to the forum of conflicting interests on the base of the various norms as well as ideas. This burden gave new tasks to present the core criteria in the age of the retrenchment.
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