고대 일본의 명문 도검과 백제

Abstract

This paper reviews the Japanese swords made in around the 5th century among the swords with Chinese characters inscriptions. Among the swords engraved with Chinese characters in Japan around the 5th century, the most representative ones are the iron sword inscribed with the ‘王賜’ excavated from the ancient tombs of Inaridai(稻荷台) in Chiba Prefecture, and large sword with ‘治天下’ excavated from an ancient tomb at the Eta-Hunayama(江田船山) in Kumamoto Prefecture, and an iron sword with ‘辛亥’ excavated from Inariyama(稻荷山) ancient tomb in Saitama Prefecture. In Japan, attention has been focused on swords with inscriptions, made in the middle and late 5th century, and studies have been conducted on them in various aspects such as national formation and writing culture. On the other hand, in the Korean academia, despite the fact that those swords’ relationship with the ancient countries in Korean peninsula such as Baekje was pointed out, there was not much interest in swords engraved with letters. In Japanese history, until the 4th century, it is difficult to confirm textual data consisting of full-scale sentences. By that time, swords engraved Chinese sentences found in Japan were made in foreign countries, such as a sword inscribed with ‘中平’ made in the 2nd century Late Han(後漢), and a seven branched sword(七支刀) made in Baekje in the 4th century and conveyed to Japan. On the other hand, from the 5th century, several swords with sentence inscriptions have been discovered. Among them, the sentences engraved on iron sword with inscription ‘王賜’ has a typical sentences style of ‘下賜刀,’ which was given by the King to regional leaders during the formation era of the ancient state. The name of Great King Waka Takeru appears in common on the swords with ‘治天下’ and the iron sword with ‘辛亥’, and the person who made the sword is not the Great King(大王). It shows that sword maker was a person in positions serving the Great King, such as the court secretary(典曹人) and the sword bearer(杖刀人). These swords with letters made in the 5th century can be adopted as an important evidences for studying the establishment of the title ‘Great King’ and the relationship between the Yamato political entity and the head of the regions. Looking at the sentences confirmed from the swords in ancient Japan, it is thought that there is a connection with Baekje in the aspect of writers’ nationality of engraved sentences and the style of writing the date and the human name. The sentence of the sword with ‘治天下’ was written by ‘張安’, who were the Toraizin(渡來人), connected with Baekje. In addition, Baekje's method of indicating the calendar year as Kanji(干支) was used without modifications, and the same consonant notation as Baekje people was used in the writing of the personal name. It is highly probable that the practice of iron-ware processing and inlay technology were also carried out by engineers who crossed over from the Korean Peninsula in the 5th century. However, in Baekje, swords inlaid with gold and silver materials or inlaid with patterns are common, but unlike in the case of Japan, there are few swords with inscribed with sentences. In addition, in Wa(倭, ancient Japan), there are some swords which were inscribed with the name of sword makers and sentence writers, and that shows the differences of writing culture between Japan and Baekje. The reason why the genealogy on the iron sword inscribed with ‘辛亥’ was recorded, and why the genealogy of the sword bearer(杖刀人), rather than the name of the King of Wa, was recorded, will be researched later, with consideration of the process of forming the ancient state of Japan.