Revisiting the Civil Examinations in the Qing Dynasty: Popularization and Social Transitions
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Recent literature has pointed out the increased stratification and narrowing of the social ladder embedded in the Qing-era civil examinations. This essay sees a clear-cut division between the diminishing opportunity for high-level degrees (above juren 舉人) and the rising exam fever in competing for the licentiate degree (shengyuan 生員) at the grassroots level. This study focuses on the popularization of civil exams in the Qing era from three perspectives: the inflation of the licentiate degree, the surging exam population across society, and the unintended by-product of expanded access to widespread education and literacy culture. Thus, this essay argues that the popularization of civil exams had far-reaching impacts on socioeconomic transitions in Qing China. In addition to the “gatekeeper” function of the civil examinations for selecting officials, the Qing exams triggered new occupations for licentiates and helped initiate self-employment orientations that contributed to accommodating the tremendous surplus population.
Abstract
Recent literature has pointed out the increased stratification and narrowing of the social ladder embedded in the Qing-era civil examinations. This essay sees a clear-cut division between the diminishing opportunity for high-level degrees (above juren 舉人) and the rising exam fever in competing for the licentiate degree (shengyuan 生員) at the grassroots level. This study focuses on the popularization of civil exams in the Qing era from three perspectives: the inflation of the licentiate degree, the surging exam population across society, and the unintended by-product of expanded access to widespread education and literacy culture. Thus, this essay argues that the popularization of civil exams had far-reaching impacts on socioeconomic transitions in Qing China. In addition to the “gatekeeper” function of the civil examinations for selecting officials, the Qing exams triggered new occupations for licentiates and helped initiate self-employment orientations that contributed to accommodating the tremendous surplus population.
참고문헌 (65)
- ", vol. 9, compiled in Kangxi 51"[URL]
- [URL]
- [URL]
- [URL]
- (1969), Wenhai Chubanshe
- [URL]
- Wu Jingzi, (1931), Commercial Press
- Xue Fucheng, (1983), Jiangsu renmin chubanshe
- ", compiled in Daoguang 7" (1827)[URL]
- Allen, Robert C., "Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in China, 1738–1925: In Comparison with Europe, Japan, and India", Economic History Review, 64(S1), pp.S8~S38 (2011)
- Bai, Ying, "Elite Recruitment and Political Stability : The Impact of the Abolition of China’s Civil Service Exam", Econometrica, 84(2), pp.677~733 (2016)
- Barr, Allan, "Pu Songling(Pu Sung-ling)and the Qing(Ch’ing)Examination System", Late Imperial China, 7(1), pp.87~111 (1986)
- Brokaw, Cynthia J., "Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China", pp.3~55 (2005), University of California Press
- Brokaw, Cynthia J., "Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China", pp.184~234 (2005), University of California Press
- Brook, Timothy, "Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance", pp.27~50 (1911), University of California Press
- Cao, Shuji, ", vol. 5" (2001), Fudan University Press
- Chang, Chungli, "The Chinese Gentry : Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society" (1955), University of Washington Press
- Chang, Chungli, "The Income of the Chinese Gentry : A Sequel to The Chinese Gentry : Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society" (1962), University of Washington Press
- Chow, Kaw-wing, "Commercial Publishing in Late Imperial China : The Zou and Ma Family Businesses of Sibao, Fujian", Late Imperial China, 17(1), pp.120~157 (1996)
- Chow, Kaw-wing, "Publishing, Culture, and Power in Early Modern China" (2004), Stanford University Press
- Dai Yi, (1999), Liaohai Chubanshe
- Elman, Benjamin A., "Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China", Journal of Asian Studies, 50(1), pp.7~28 (1991)
- Elman, Benjamin A., "A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China" (2000), University of California Press
- Elman, Benjamin A., "Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China" (2013), Harvard University Press
- Elman, Benjamin A., "Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919", pp.198~220 (2014), Brill
- "Lishi yanjiu 歷史研究", 2006, 84~99
- He Huaihong, (1998), Sanlian Chubanshe
- Ho, Pingti, "The Ladder of Success in Imperial China : Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368–1911" (1976), Da Capo
- Hu Ping, (2017), Shanghai People’s Publisher
- "Zhongguo Kaoshi 中國考試", 2020, 71~77
- Hymes, Robert, "Northern and Southern Sung" (1987), Cambridge University Press
- Kurahashi Keiko, (2011), Fūkyōsha
- Leung, Angela Ki Che, "Education and Society in Late Imperial China,1600–1900", pp.381~416 (1994), University of California Press
- "Qingshi Yanjiu 清史研究", 2004, 1~14
- "Chongqingdaxue xuebao 重慶大學學報", 2020, 236~247
- Luo, Zhitian, "Shifts of Power : Modern Chinese Thought and Society" (2017), Brill
- Macauley, Melissa A., "Social Power and Legal Culture : Litigation Masters in Late Imperial China" (1998), Stanford University Press
- Man-Cheong, Iona, "The Class of 1761 : Examinations, the State and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China" (2004), Stanford University Press
- Miyazaki, Ichisada, "China’s Examination Hell : The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China" (1981), Yale University Press
- Naquin, Susan, "Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century" (1987), Yale University Press
- Rawski, Evelyn, "Education and Popular Literacy in China" (1979), University of Michigan Press
- Rowe, William T., "Education and Society in Late Imperial China, 1600–1900", pp.417~457 (1994), University of California Press
- Shang Yanliu, (1958), Sanlian Chubanshe
- "Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo xuebao 中國文化研究所學報", 2012, 69~94
- Shi Jin, (1990), Li Ao Chubanshe
- Wakeman, Frederic E., "The Fall of Imperial China" (1977), Free Press
- "Shehui kexue luntan 社會科學論壇", 2014, 67~75
- "Jiangsu shehui kexue 江蘇社會科學", 2017, 241~250
- Wang, Rui, "The Chinese Imperial Examination System : An Annotated Bibliography" (2013), Scarecrow
- "Shehui kexue jikan 社會科學輯刊", 1988, 9~100
- "Renkou yanjiu 人口研究", 1989, 42~47
- "Nankai Xuebao 南開學報", 1989, 40~73
- Woodside, Alexander, "Some Mid-Qing Theorists of Popular Schools: Their Innovations, Inhibitions, and Attitudes toward the Poor", Modern China, 9(1), pp.3~35 (1983)
- Zhang Jie, (2003), Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe