Tree Diversity, Population Structure, Regeneration and Conservation Status in Sacred Groves of Jhargram District, South-West Bengal, India
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Sacred groves are large areas of virgin or human-modified landscape with a diverse range of species that have been protected by local people for centuries due to cultural, religious beliefs, and taboo that the deities live in them and protect the villagers from various calamities. The present study was carried out for quantitative analysis of diversity, population structure, regeneration and conservation status of tree species in the four 36.86 ha sacred groves of Jhargram district in West Bengal. Tree species composition, population structure and regeneration status were analyzed by randomly establishing of 1 ha subplots within the sacred groves. Density, frequency, basal area, abundance, evenness, and other diversity indices were calculated for adult trees with girth at breast height (GBH) >31 cm. A total of 146 tree species belonging to 116 genera distributed in 44 families from 21 orders were recorded. Pterospermum suberifolium, family Malvaceae showed the highest Species Importance Value Index (SIVI, 21.33) and Fabaceae showed the highest Family Importance Value Index (FIVI, 35.59) values respectively. Individuals are categorised into three groups, seedling, sapling and adult based on girth classes. The majority of tree species exhibited good (52.74%) regeneration followed by fairly (24.66%), poor (15.75%) and no regeneration (6.85%) respectively. With the healthy existence of the sacred grove, the overall population structure of tree species showed a strong regeneration potential. The current data will be useful in determining the current status of tree species and will be used by the forest department, politicians, and conservationists to establish management plans for the conservation of priority species in the region. Since the study areas were sacred groves, tribal members were keen to preserve them due to their religious significance.
Abstract
Sacred groves are large areas of virgin or human-modified landscape with a diverse range of species that have been protected by local people for centuries due to cultural, religious beliefs, and taboo that the deities live in them and protect the villagers from various calamities. The present study was carried out for quantitative analysis of diversity, population structure, regeneration and conservation status of tree species in the four 36.86 ha sacred groves of Jhargram district in West Bengal. Tree species composition, population structure and regeneration status were analyzed by randomly establishing of 1 ha subplots within the sacred groves. Density, frequency, basal area, abundance, evenness, and other diversity indices were calculated for adult trees with girth at breast height (GBH) >31 cm. A total of 146 tree species belonging to 116 genera distributed in 44 families from 21 orders were recorded. Pterospermum suberifolium, family Malvaceae showed the highest Species Importance Value Index (SIVI, 21.33) and Fabaceae showed the highest Family Importance Value Index (FIVI, 35.59) values respectively. Individuals are categorised into three groups, seedling, sapling and adult based on girth classes. The majority of tree species exhibited good (52.74%) regeneration followed by fairly (24.66%), poor (15.75%) and no regeneration (6.85%) respectively. With the healthy existence of the sacred grove, the overall population structure of tree species showed a strong regeneration potential. The current data will be useful in determining the current status of tree species and will be used by the forest department, politicians, and conservationists to establish management plans for the conservation of priority species in the region. Since the study areas were sacred groves, tribal members were keen to preserve them due to their religious significance.
참고문헌 (75)
- Abunie AA, "Woody Species Diversity, Structure, and Regeneration Status of Yemrehane Kirstos Church Forest of Lasta Woreda, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia", Int J For Res, 2018, pp.5302523~ (2018)
- Adom D, "The Concept, State, Roles and Management of Protected Areas in Ghana : A Review", Acta Sci Agric, 3, pp.68~76 (2019)
- Anderson T, "Catalogue of Plants Indigenous in the Neighbourhood of Calcutta with Directions for Examination and Preservation of Plants" (1862), Government Press
- Ayyappan N, "Biodiversity inventory of trees in a large-scale permanent plot of tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Anamalais, Western Ghats, India", Biodivers Conserv, 8, pp.1533~1554 (1999)
- Bennet SSR., "Flora of Howrah District" (1979), International Book Distributors
- Berger WH, "Diversity of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments", Science, 168, pp.1345~1347 (1970)
- Berkes F, "Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management", Ecol Appl, 10, pp.1251~1262 (2000)
- Bhagwat SA, "Sacred groves : potential for biodiversity management", Front Ecol Environ, 4, pp.519~524 (2006)
- Booth TH, "Native forests and climate change : lessons from eucalypts", For Ecol Manag, 347, pp.18~29 (2015)
- Brillouin L, "Science and Information Theory" (1956), Academic Press
- Curtis JT, "The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities" (1959), University of Wisconsin Press
- Datta SC, "Flora of Calcutta and Vicinity", Bull Bot Soc Bengal, 20, pp.16~120 (1966)
- District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur, "Development & Planning Department Government of West Bengal", Government of West Bengal Enterprise, ~ (2011)
- Doffana ZD, "Sacred natural sites, herbal medicine, medicinal plants and their conservation in Sidama, Ethiopia", Cogent Food Agric, 3, pp.1365399~ (2017)
- Dutta G, "Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, Northeast India", J For Res, 24, pp.715~720 (2013)
- Eilu G, "Density and species diversity of trees in four tropical forests of the Albertine rift, western Uganda", Divers Distrib, 10, pp.303~312 (2004)
- Gentry AH, "Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests", pp.146~194 (1995), Cambridge University Press
- Goltenboth F, "Ecology of Insular Southeast Asia: The Indonesian Archipelago", pp.297~383 (2006), Elsevier
- Haines HH, "The Botany of Bihar and Orissa" (1925), Botanical Survey of India
- Hooker JD, "The Flora of British India. Vol. I-VII" (1897), Reeve
- Immanuel R., "Social Forestry and Agroforestry: Past Triumphs and Future Horizons" (2018), Empyreal Publishing House
- "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1" (2021)[URL]
- Jain SK, "A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods" (1977), Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers
- Jha CS, "Composition and Dynamics of Dry Tropical Forest in Relation to Soil Texture", J Veg Sci, 1, pp.609~614 (1990)
- Kadavul K, "Plant biodiversity and conservation of tropical semi-evergreen forest in the Shervarayan hills of Eastern Ghats, India", Biodivers Conserv, 8, pp.419~437 (1999)
- Kambhar S, "Diversity of Tree Species in Gadag District, Karnataka, India" (2014), GRIN Verlag
- Kanneboyena O, "Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Inhabitants from Gundlabrahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary(Eastern Ghats), Andhra Pradesh, India", Am J Ethnomed, 2, pp.333~346 (2015)
- Khan ML, "The Sacred Groves and Their Significance in Conserving Biodiversity : An Overview", Int J Ecol Environ Sci, 34, pp.277~291 (2008)
- Khumbongmayum AD, "Human Exploitation and Biodiversity Conservation. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 3", pp.99~116 (2006), Springer
- Kossi A, "Impacts of traditional practices on biodiversity and structural characteristics of sacred groves in northern Togo, West Africa", Acta Oecol, 110, pp.103680~ (2021)
- Laloo R, "Status of medicinal plants in the disturbed and the undisturbed sacred forests of Meghalaya, northeast India : population structure and regeneration efficacy of some important species", Curr Sci, 90, pp.225~232 (2006)
- Magurran AE., "Ecological Diversity and It’s Measurement" (1988), Croom Helm
- Mandal H, "Traditional Wisdom and Sustainable Living: A Study on the Indian Tribal Societies" (2013), Gyan Pub House
- "Natural Area Weeds: Invasive Solanum spp. in Florida" (2014)[URL]
- Merritt CH, "Reframing Hope: Vital Ministry in a New Generation" (2010), Alban Institute
- Mgaya E., "Traditional institutions’ management of sacred forests in Tanzania: history, narratives, and evidence from Njombe region, 1880s-2019", PhD, pp.2020
- Mishra B, "Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant diversity and community structure of a sacred grove in Meghalaya, northeast India", Biodivers Conserv, 13, pp.421~436 (2004)
- Mitra JN., "Flowering Plants of Eastern India" (1958), The World Press Private
- Mukul SA, "Rapid recovery of tropical forest diversity and structure after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands", Ecol Evol, 10, pp.7189~7211 (2020)
- Mukul SA, "The role of spiritual beliefs in conserving wildlife species in religious shrines of Bangladesh", Biodiversity, 13, pp.108~114 (2012)
- Mwavu EN, "Human impact, plant communities, diversity and regeneration in Budongo Forest Reserve, northwestern Uganda", PhD, pp.2007
- Mygatt J, "Lab Manual to the Flora of New Mexico" (2009), University of New Mexico
- Ojo LO, "Measurement of tree diversity in the Nigerian rainforest", Biodivers Conserv, 5, pp.1253~1270 (1996)
- Oosting HJ., "The Study of Plant Communities: An Introduction to Plant Ecology" (1956), W.H. Freeman and Company
- Pallardy SG, "Physiology of Woody Plants" (2008), Academic Press
- Panda PC, "Plant diversity in tropical deciduous forests of Eastern Ghats, India : a landscape level assessment", Int J Biodivers Conserv, 5, pp.625~639 (2013)
- Perez-Luque AJ, "Sinfonevada : dataset of Floristic diversity in Sierra Nevada forests(SE Spain)", PhytoKeys, 35, pp.1~15 (2014)
- Pianka E, "Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity : A Review of Concepts", Am Nat, 100, pp.33~46 (1966)
- Pradhan A, "Diversity, Population structure and Regeneration potential of tree species in a community conserved sacred forest from Western Odisha, India", Indian For, 143, pp.566~572 (2017)
- Prain D, "Bengal Plants. Vol. 2" (1963), Botanical Survey of India
- Ramanujam MP, "Woody species diversity of four sacred groves in the Pondicherry region of South India", Biodivers Conserv, 12, pp.289~299 (2003)
- Ramírez-Barahona S, "The delayed and geographically heterogeneous diversification of flowering plant families", Nat Ecol Evol, 4, pp.1232~1238 (2020)
- Raunkiaer C, "Statistical research on training vegetable", Biol Med, 1, pp.1~80 (1918)
- Ray R, "Medicinal practices of sacred natural site : a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services", Ethnobot Res Appl, 20, pp.1~46 (2020)
- Ray R, "Socio-cultural protection of endemic trees in humanised landscape", Biodivers Conserv, 23, pp.1977~1994 (2014)
- Reddy AM, "Ethnobotanical study of traditional herbal plants used by local people of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve in Eastern Ghats, India", Herba Pol, 65, pp.40~54 (2019)
- Sanyal MN., "Flora of Bankura District, West Bengal" (1994), Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Sen UK, "Floristic composition, biological spectrum and conservation status of a sacred grove from Jhargram district, West Bengal, India", Indian J For, 42, pp.161~172 (2019)
- Sen UK, "Quantitative Analysis of Floristic Composition, Biological Spectrum and Leaf Spectrum of a Sacred Grove in Jhargram District, West Bengal, India", Biogenesis, 8, pp.157~171 (2020)
- Sen UK, "Floristic composition and biological spectrum of a sacred grove in West Midnapore district, West Bengal, India", Acta Ecol Sin, 41, pp.106~119 (2021)
- Sen UK, "Conservation of resources by religious and social prohibitions by Santal communities in South West Bengal, India", Time Mind, 14, pp.3~32 (2021)
- Sen UK, "Assessment of diversity, population structure, regeneration and conservation status of tree species in a sacred grove of west Midnapore district, West Bengal, India", Int J Bot Stud, 3, pp.33~42 (2018)
- Senbeta F, "Plant diversity, vegetation structure and relationship between plant communities and environmental variables in the Afromontane Forests of Ethiopia", Sinet : Ethiop J Sci, 37, pp.113~130 (2014)
- Shankar U, "A case of high tree diversity in a sal(Shorea robusta)-dominated lowland forest of Eastern Himalaya : Floristic composition, regeneration and conservation", Curr Sci, 81, pp.776~786 (2001)
- Sharma S, "Sacred groves of India : repositories of a rich heritage and tools for biodiversity conservation", J For Res, 32, pp.899~916 (2020)
- Simpson EH, "Measurement of Diversity", Nature, 163, pp.688~ (1949)
- Sukumaran S, "Floristic Diversity, Conservation Status and Economic Value of Miniature Sacred Groves in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, Southern Peninsular India", Turk J Bot, 32, pp.185~199 (2008)
- Swaine MD, "Rainfall and Soil Fertility as Factors Limiting Forest Species Distributions in Ghana", J Ecol, 84, pp.419~428 (1996)
- Swamy P, "Plant species diversity and tree population structure of a humid tropical forest in Tamil Nadu, India", Biodivers Conserv, 9, pp.1643~1669 (2000)
- Thorley A, "Sacred Sites: An Overview" (2008), The Gaia Foundation
- Turner NJ, "Aboriginal Use of Non-Timber Forest Products in Northw estern North America", J Sustain For, 13, pp.31~58 (2001)
- Twilley RR., "Maximum Power:The Ideas and Applications of H.T. Odum", pp.43~62 (1995), University Press of Colorado
- Wattenberg I, "Tree species diversity of a premontane rain forest in the Cordillera de Tilaran, Costa Rica", Ecotropica, 1, pp.21~30 (1995)
- "World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 2.0" (2021)[URL]
- Whittaker RH., "Communities and Ecosystems" (1975), MacMillan
