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지역무역협정 세이프가드 규정의 차별성과 GATT 제24조 제한적 통상규칙

Discriminative Character of Safeguard Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements and Restrictive Regulations of Commerce of GATT Article XXIV

성재호|채은선
법무부 (Ministry of Justice)|2009.08|국제법무연구 (Journal of International Legal Affairs)|제88호|pp. 218-249

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참고문헌

주제분류법학

초록

다자주의인 WTO는 지역주의가 다자주의의 부족한 점을 메우면서 WTO가 추구하는 공정하고 자유로운 무역을 수행해 나갈 것을 기대하였다. 이에 따라 WTO는 GATT 제24조와 GATS 제5조에서 상품무역과 서비스무역 분야에 관한 지역무역협정을 체결하는 것을 금지하지 않음을 명시함과 동시에 일정한 조건을 충족한 RTA만을 인정한다는 점을 밝히고 있다. 이러한 가운데, WTO의 일부 규정과 지역주의의 일부 규정간 조화되지 못하는 부분이 하나 둘 씩 밝혀지고 있으며, 세이프가드는 ‘비차별적 적용’이라는 특성으로 인해 GATT 체제부터 다자주의와 지역주의가 조화되지 못하여 계속해서 다투어져 왔다. 문제의 핵심은 WTO/GATT 세이프가드 조치를 발동할 때 WTO 회원국으로부터의 수입에 대하여 비차별적 적용을 하여야 하지만, RTA의 세이프가드 규정을 근거로 하여 RTA 구성국은 적용대상에서 제외하고 있다는 점이다. 이러한 시도를 하였던 RTA 구성국은 제24조 8항 a ⒤와 b의 ‘기타 제한적 통상규칙’의 폐지대상에 세이프가드가 포함된다는 주장을 하여왔다. 그러나 제24조는 RTA 구성국에 대한 실질적인 무역자유화 뿐 아니라 RTA 비구성국인 WTO 회원국에 대한 의무 또한 부담지우고 있다. RTA 비구성국인 WTO 회원국에 대하여 RTA 체결 이전보다 무역장벽을 높여서는 안 된다는 의무는 제24조 전반에 걸쳐 적용되기 때문에, RTA 구성국 간 의무에도 당연히 적용된다 할 것이다. 이러한 의미에서 볼 때, 비차별적 적용을 원칙으로 삼고 있는 WTO/GATT 세이프가드 규정에 합치하지 않는 세이프가드의 차별적 적용은 RTA 비구성국인 WTO 회원국에 대하여 RTA 체결 이전보다 무역장벽을 높이는 결과를 초래한다. 이는 WTO의 목적인 공정무역에도 부합하지 않는다 할 것이다. 따라서 GATT 제24조 및 WTO/GATT 세이프가드 규정, WTO의 목적에 합치하지 않는 RTA 세이프가드 규정은 WTO 제 규정에 합치되도록 수정되어야 할 것이다.

Abstract

Safeguard measures imply commerce-restrictive character. If one reads GATT article ⅩⅩⅣ.8 (a) ⒤and (b) only on the text, safeguard should be eliminated between RTA members. Whether to apply safeguard measures to RTA constituents or not is a very important issue, because this issue is concerned with the non-discrimination which is one of the WTO core principles. Some cases claimed to DSB are about not only whom safeguard measures should apply to but also complexity with RTA safeguard mechanism. Furthermore some cases show that RTA itself or RTA safeguard mechanism has made these disputes. A WTO and RTA constituent has tried to leave out members(a member) which accede(s) to the same RTA from applying WTO safeguard measures. This is regarded as discrimination, which is generally prevented in WTO. This situation have occurred partly due to commerce-restrictive character of RTA safeguard provisions. Although GATT article ⅩⅩⅣ allows a WTO and RTA constituent to escape from a few WTO rules, this character is importantly reviewed and criticized in making conflicts with WTO safeguards based on non-discrimination. A WTO member can apply a safeguard measure based on discrimination just where one source is the only cause to serious injury. This unreasonable discriminative application of safeguard measures result from commerce-restrictive character of RTA safeguard provisions. Therefore a commerce-restrictive character of RTA safeguard provisions should be eliminated or modified into one consistent with WTO safeguard provisions.

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