아시아 대학 수업 혁신 방안: 사고력 향상을 위한 글쓰기와 토론 중심 수업
Enhancing Asian University Education via Writing, Peer-Assessment, and Discussion
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 아시아의 발전의 한 방법으로 교육, 특히 대학 수업 혁신을 제안하였다. 수업은 교육의 목표를 구체적으로 구현하는 활동임에도 대학 구성원 간에도 이에 대한 깊이 있는 논의가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 사회적 합의가 필요한 다른 교육관련 문제와는 달리, 대학이 독자적으로 바꿀 수 있는 부분이기도 하다. 이 글에서는 아시아 대학 수업의 문제를 과도하게지식 습득을 강조하는 데 있다고 보았다. 구체적으로 강의의 비중이 높고 지식의 양을 강조하는 평가가 널리 사용된다는것이다. 이에 대한 대안으로, 지식과 사고력의 균형을 추구하는 교육을 제안하였다. 이를 위한 수업 방법으로 문제 중심 학습, 플립 러닝, 그리고 미네르바 스쿨의 완전히 능동적인 학습을 검토하였고, 비용과 운영상의 문제 등으로 확장이 어렵다고 평가하였다. 이들 대신, 이들의 장점을 조합한 보다 실용적인 방법을 소개하였다. 소개된 방법에서는 글쓰기와 동료평가 그리고 토론이 강조된다. 결론에서는 더 많은 대안적 수업 방식 개발을 통해 아시아 대학 교육의 경쟁력 확보를 촉구하였다
Abstract
For Asia to experience greater progress, we focus on classroom reform at the college level. Although classes are activities that specifically implement the goals of education, there is no in-depth discussion about them even among university members. Unlike other education-related issues that require social consensus, this is something that universities can independently change. The problem with classes at Asian universities is that they have too much emphasis on acquiring knowledge only. As an alternative, we propose that there should be a balance between knowledge and thinking competence. Therefore, we review innovative pedagogy such as problem-based learning (PBL), flipped learning, and Minerva School's Fully Active Learning. However, there is little chance that they would scale up due to high cost and other challenges. This paper introduces a more practical yet innovative format that combines many of the strengths of the aforementioned instructional methods. This format utilizes writing, peer assessment, and discussion. The conclusion urges for a greater competitive edge in Asian universities by developing more innovative instructional methods.
참고문헌 (95)
- 서울대학교 창의성 교육을 위한 교수 모임, "창의 혁명: 4차 산업혁명 시대를 이끌창조형 인재, 어떻게 키울 것인가?" (2018), 대성 출판
- 김세직, "한국경제: 성장위기와 구조개혁", 경제논총, 55(1), pp.3~27 (2016)
- 데이비스, 브렌트, "표준화 교육에서 복잡성 교육으로: 지식, 학습, 교수의 진화사" (2021), 교육과학사
- 메이어, 마틴, "최고의 교육은 어떻게 만들어지는가?" (2015), 북하우스
- 민혜리, "비대면 시대, 대학 교수-학습의 방향", 한국창의성학회 포럼 발표자료 (2020)
- 박주용, "대학 수업에서 시작하는 대한민국 교육개혁", 철학과 현실, 113, pp.126~150 (2017)
- 박주용, "동료평가의 현황과 전망", 인지과학, 29(2), pp.85~104 (2018), 한국인지과학회[DOI]
- 배수정, "대학 수업에서 누적 동료평가 점수를 활용한 성적 산출 방법의 타당성", 인지과학, 27(2), pp.221~245 (2016), 한국인지과학회[DOI]
- 서경호, "서울대학교 수업의 질 개선방안 연구" (2015), 서울대학교 대학평의원회
- 오예린, "증명 동료평가의 신뢰도 및 타당도 분석: 대학 정수론 수업의 사례를 중심으로", 수학교육, 57(3), pp.215~229 (2018), 한국수학교육학회[DOI]
- 요시미 순야, "대학이란 무엇인가" (2011), 글항아리
- 이준웅, "강의계획서 분석에 기반한 수업 방식과 강의계획서 양식의 개선 방향 탐색 연구" (2018), 서울대학교 평의원회
- 이영란, "중국 대학 교양교육의 현황과 과제 - 베이징대학과 칭화대학을 중심으로", 교양교육연구, 9(4), pp.143~167 (2015), 한국교양교육학회
- 임춘택, "독일어권 글쓰기 교육에 관한 연구-독창성, 의사소통, 자기표현을 국내 사정과 연관하여-", 교양교육연구, 6(2), pp.377~402 (2012), 한국교양교육학회[DOI]
- 임현진, "아시아의 부상, 문명의 전환인가" (2016), 서울대학교출판문화원
- 최영준, "전공 불일치가 불황기 대졸 취업자의 임금에 미치는 장기 효과 분석" (2021), 한국은행
- Akçayır, G, "The Flipped Classroom: A Review of Its Advantages and Challenges", Computers & Education, 126, pp.334~345 (2018)
- Bao, L, "Learning and Scientific Reasoning", Science, 323, pp.586~587 (2009)
- Baroncelli, S, "Teaching and Learning the European Union: Traditional and Innovative Methods", pp.89~109 (2014), Springer
- Barrows, H. S, "A Taxonomy of Problem-based Learning Methods", Medical Education, 20(6), pp.481~486 (1986)
- Bastiaens, E, "Research-Based Learning: Case Studies from Maastricht University" (2017), Springer
- Bergmann, J, "Flip Your Classroom: Reach Every Student in Every Class Every Day" (2012), International Society for Technology in Education
- Bligh, D, "What’s the Use of Lectures?" (1972), Penguin
- Bloom, B. S, "Handbook I: Cognitive Domain" (1956), David McKay Company
- Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom, "Bonwell, C. C", ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, The George Washington University, ~, pp.1991 ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports (1991)
- Bransford, J. D, "학습과학: 뇌, 마음, 경험 그리고 교육" (2000), 교육과학사
- Case, R, "The Unfortunate Consequences of Bloom’s Taxonomy", Social Education, 77(4), pp.196~200 (2013)
- Cavanaugh, J. K, "A Large Sample Comparison of Grade Based Student Learning Outcomes in Online vs. Face-to-face Courses", Online Learning, 19(2), pp.1~8 (2015)
- Chi, M. T. H, "The ICAP Framework: Linking Cognitive Engagement to Active Learning Outcomes", Educational Psychologist, 49, pp.219~243 (2014)
- Cho, K, "Learning by Reviewing", Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), pp.73~84 (2011)
- Coates, H, "Innovations in Asian Higher Education", pp.10~26 (2020), Routledge
- Cosnefroy, L, "Self-regulated and Self-directed Learning: Why Don’t Some Neighbors Communicate", International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 11(2), pp.1~12 (2014)
- Csikszentmihalyi, M, "Handbook of Creativity", pp.313~335 (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Davis, B, "표준화 교육에서 복잡성 교육으로: 지식, 학습, 교수의 진화사" (2021), 교육과학사
- Ding, L, "Does Higher Education Improve Student Scientific Reasoning Skills?", International Journal of Science andMathematics Education, 14(4), pp.619~634 (2016)
- Dunlosky, J, "The Cambridge Handbook of Cognition and Education" (2019), Cambridge University Press
- Fost, J, "Building the Intentional University: Minerva and the Future of Higher Education", pp.179~192 (2017), MIT Press
- Freeman, S, "Active Learning Increases Student Performance in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(23), pp.8410~8415 (2014)
- Gardner, J, "Artificial Intelligence in Educational Assessment: ‘Breakthrough? Or Buncombe and Ballyhoo", Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(5), pp.1207~1216 (2021)
- Gibbons, M, "The Self-directed Learning Handbook: Challenging Adolescent Students to Excel" (2002), John Wiley & Sons
- Gratton, L, "The 100-year Life: Living and Working in an Age of Longevity" (2016), Bloomsbury Publishing
- Greene, J, "Self-Regulation in Education" (2016), Routledge
- Gu, J, "Higher Education in China" (2018), Springer
- Hacker, A, "비싼 대학: 미국명문대는 등록금을 어떻게 탕진하는가" (2013), 지식의날개
- Hanna, D, "Educational Research and Innovation the Nature of Learning Using Research to Inspire Practice: Using Research to Inspire Practice" (2010), OECD Publishing
- Heublein, U, "Student Drop-out from German Higher Education Institutions", European Journal of Education, 49(4), pp.497~513 (2014)
- HarvardX and MITx: The First Year of Open Online Courses, "Ho, A. D", HarvardX and MITx, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 1 (2014)
- Hung, W, "Theory to Reality: A Few Issues in Implementing Problem-based Learning", Educational Technology: Research & Development, 59, pp.529~552 (2011)
- Hylen, J, "Giving Knowledge for Free", OECD Observer, 263, pp.21~22 (2007)
- Ito, H, "The Demise of Active Learning Even before Its Implementation? Instructors’ Understandings and Application of This Approach within Japanese Higher Education", Education Inquiry, pp.1860283~ (2020)[DOI]
- Jeffery, D, "How to Achieve Accurate Peer Assessment for High Value Written Assignments in a Senior Undergraduate Course", Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(1), pp.127~140 (2016)
- Jensen, J. L, "Improvements from a Flipped Classroom May Simply Be the Fruits of Active Learning", CBE-Life Sciences Education, 14, pp.5~ (2015)
- Katzman, J, "Building the Intentional University: Minerva and the Future of Higher Education", pp.203~220 (2017), MIT Press
- Kember, D, "Understanding the Nature of Motivation and Motivating Students through Teaching and Learning in Higher Education" (2016), Springer
- Khanna, P, "아시아가 바꿀 미래" (2019), 동녘사이언스
- Kishino, M, "Educating Adolescents Around the Globe", pp.208~228 (2020), Springer
- Knowles, M. S, "Self-directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers" (1975), Association Press
- Kosslyn, S. M, "Building the Intentional University: Minerva and the Future of Higher Education" (2017), MIT Press
- Lammers, L. J, "A Profile of Teaching Techniques Used in the University Classroom", Active Learning in Higher Education, 3(1), pp.54~67 (2002)
- Mandel, S, "India Higher Education Report 2017: Teaching, Learning and Quality in Higher Education", pp.165~192 (2018), Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd
- Mayer, R. E, "Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction" (2016), Taylor & Francis
- Means, B, "Evaluation of Evidence-based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies" (2010), US Department of Education
- Merriam, S. B, "Learning in adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide" (1999), John Wiley & Sons
- Morris, I, "왜 서양이지배하는가" (2011), 글항아리
- Nilson, L, "Creating Self-regulated Learners" (2013), Stylus
- Nisbett, R, "생각의 지도: 동양과 서양, 세상을 바라보는 서로 다른 시선" (2004), 김영사
- OECD, "Higher Education to 2030: volume 1: Demography" (2008), OECD
- Oxford Economics, "How Robots Change the World: What Automation Really Means for Jobs and Productivity" (2019), Oxford Economics
- Park, J, "ClassPrep: A Peer Review System for Class Preparation", British Journal of Educational Technology, 48, pp.511~523 (2017)
- Paul, J, "A Comparative Analysis of Student Performance in an Online vs. Face-to-face Environmental Science Course from 2009 to 2016", Frontiers in Computer Science, 1, pp.7~ (2019)
- Pedersen, O, "The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe" (1997), Cambridge University Press
- Perkin, H, "International Handbook of Higher Education", pp.159~205 (2007), Springer
- Palfreyman, D, "The Oxford Tutorial" (2008), 바다출판사
- Poh, M. Z, "A Wearable Sensor for Unobtrusive, Long-term Assessment of Electrodermal Activity", IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 57(5), pp.1243~1252 (2010)
- Ratcliffe, S, "Oxford Essential Quotations" (2017), Oxford University Press
- Roediger, H. L. III, "The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Cognition in Education", pp.1~36 (2011), Elsevier Academic Press
- Ross, K, "Building the Intentional University:Minerva and the Future of Higher Education", pp.265~275 (2017), MIT Press
- Savery, J. R, "The Wiley Handbook of Problem-based Learning", pp.81~104 (2019), Wiley
- Schmidt, H. G, "Learning More by Being Taught Less: A ‘Time-for-self- study’ Theory Explaining Curricular Effects on Graduation Rate And Study Duration", Higher Education, 60, pp.287~300 (2010)
- Schunk, D, "Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance" (2017), Routledge
- Sedwal, M, "The Future of Higher Education in India", pp.23~40 (2019), Springer
- Smith. W, "The Global Testing Culture: Shaping Education Policy, Perceptions, and Practice" (2016), Oxford Studies in Comparative Education Series
- Sohn, K, "Meta-Analysis of Student Performance in Micro and Macro Economics: Online vs. Face-to-face Instruction", Journal of Applied Business & Economics, 17(2), pp.42~51 (2015)
- Talhelm, T, "Large-scale Psychological Differences within China Explained by Riceversus Wheat Aagriculture", Science, 344(6184), pp.603~608 (2014)
- Tamim, R. M, "What Forty Years of Research Says about the Impact of Technology on Learning: A Second-order Mmeta-analysis and Validation Study", Review of Educational research, 81(1), pp.4~28 (2011)
- UNESCO, "The Culture of Testing- Sociocultural Impacts on Learning in Asia and the Pacific" (2018), UNESCO Bangok Office
- Vincent-Lancrin, S, "Prospects of Higher Education", pp.3~27 (2007), Brill Sense
- Walsh, T, "Unlocking the Gates: How and Why Leading Universities Are Opening up Access to Their Courses" (2011), Princeton University Press
- Wang, Z. M, "Building the Intentional University: Minerva and the Future of Higher Education", pp.305~314 (2017), MIT Press
- Weiner, M, "Learner-centered teaching" (2013), Jossey-Bass
- Whitehead, A. N, "Aims of Education" (1929), Free Press
- World Economic Forum, "New Vision for Education: Unlocking the Potential of Technology" (2015), WEF Office
- Yin, H, "Unmasking the Teaching Quality of Higher Education: Students’ Course Experience and Approaches to Learning in China", Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(8), pp.949~970 (2014)
- "Zhang, D" (2019)[URL]
- Zhao, J, "Preparing Students for Life and Work", pp.220~236 (2019), Brill Sense
