Prevalence of β-Lactamase Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in Ready-to-Eat Vegetables and Herbs from Dhaka City
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Ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables and herbs are essential to a healthy diet. In this study, the prevalence of Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was investigated in 600 RTE vegetable and herb samples collected from kitchen markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Among the isolates, 24.7% were identified as MDR, with coriander and green chili harboring the highest number of MDR. Among the four tested classes of antibiotics (β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides), resistance to cefixime was most prevalent, while resistance to ceftazidime was the least common. A total of 77 extended-spectrum βlactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Vibrio isolates were detected using biochemical tests from the MDR isolates. Molecular analysis revealed that 55.84% of ESBL-producing isolates carried three or more resistance genes, indicating significant gene co-occurrence. The line would be blaDHA and blaCMY genes were the most prevalent β-lactamase-encoding genes. This study highlights the need for surveillance and improved hygiene to prevent the spread of ESBL-encoding genes through RTE vegetables and herbs in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Abstract
Ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables and herbs are essential to a healthy diet. In this study, the prevalence of Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was investigated in 600 RTE vegetable and herb samples collected from kitchen markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Among the isolates, 24.7% were identified as MDR, with coriander and green chili harboring the highest number of MDR. Among the four tested classes of antibiotics (β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides), resistance to cefixime was most prevalent, while resistance to ceftazidime was the least common. A total of 77 extended-spectrum βlactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Vibrio isolates were detected using biochemical tests from the MDR isolates. Molecular analysis revealed that 55.84% of ESBL-producing isolates carried three or more resistance genes, indicating significant gene co-occurrence. The line would be blaDHA and blaCMY genes were the most prevalent β-lactamase-encoding genes. This study highlights the need for surveillance and improved hygiene to prevent the spread of ESBL-encoding genes through RTE vegetables and herbs in Dhaka, Bangladesh.