우림과 둠밈, 에봇, 그리고 언약궤 - 제사장의 점술 도구들
The Urim and Thummim, the Ephod, and the Ark of the Covenant: Tools for Priestly Divination
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초록
이 논문은 구약성경의 증거들을 바탕으로 우림과 둠밈뿐만 아니라, 에봇과 언약궤도 이스라엘 역사의 초기에 제사장의 점술 도구들로서의 기능을 가지고 있었음을 보여준다. 저자는 각 점술 도구들이 어떠한 상황에서, 어떠한 방식으로 사용되었는지 분석하고, 구약성경의 일부 자료층에서 에봇과 언약궤의 점술적 기능이 사라지게 된 배경과 신학적 이유가 무엇인지 밝힌다.
Abstract
The Urim and Thummim were sanctioned as the official means of divination in ancient Israel. Whereas many studies have delved into the meaning and nature of the Urim and Thummim, there is a significant lack of studies on the possibility that other tools of the priests were used in divination. This essay argues that the Ephod and the Ark of the Covenant along with Urim and Thummim once functioned as tools for priestly divination in the early history of ancient Israel. It is worth noting that Deuteronomy and the Priestly source remain silent on the divinatory function of the Ephod and the Ark. It is suggested that the Ephod was originally a garment for the cult images of the divine used in divination, but later reduced as one of the priestly garments due to the aniconic tendency of normative Yahwism. In a similar fashion, the Ark of the Covenant became simply an wooden receptacle in which the tablets of the covenant were kept. We do not know for sure how these divinatory tools were used. It appears that the Urim and Thummim were used to determine one's culpability. As for the use of the Ark in divination, the earlier strata clearly show that the Ark was once a war oracle. It is more difficult to articulate the way the Ephod played a role in divination. Chances are that the divination through the Ephod was employed in some general questions that can be answered ‘yes’ or ‘no.’
참고문헌 (22)
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