Effects of Antipsychotics on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Schizophrenia: Gender Differences
1
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are common in patients with schizophrenia and detrimental to illness prognosis and life quality. Although the pathogenesis is not fully clear, series of studies have revealed factors related to low BMD such as life style, psychotic symptoms, medication use and the activity of bone absorption markers. It has been known that antipsychotic- induced hyperprolactinemia plays a critical role on decreased BMD. However, it remains uncertain whether the risk factors differ between men and women. According to the effect on prolactin, antipsychotics can be classified into two groups: prolactin-sparing (PS) and prolactin-raising (PR). Our previous study has demonstrated that clozapine which is among the PS antipsychotics is beneficial for BMD when compared with PR antipsychotics in women with chronic schizophrenia. We have also found that risks factors associated with low BMD are different between men and women, suggesting that gender-specific risk factors should be considered for intervention of bone loss in patients with schizophrenia. This article reviews the effects of antipsychotics use on BMD with particular discussion for the differences on gender and age, which implicate the alterations of sex and other related hormones. In addition, currently reported protective and risk factors, as well as the effects of medication use on BMD including the combination of antipsychotics and other psychotropic agents and other potential medications are also reviewed.
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are common in patients with schizophrenia and detrimental to illness prognosis and life quality. Although the pathogenesis is not fully clear, series of studies have revealed factors related to low BMD such as life style, psychotic symptoms, medication use and the activity of bone absorption markers. It has been known that antipsychotic- induced hyperprolactinemia plays a critical role on decreased BMD. However, it remains uncertain whether the risk factors differ between men and women. According to the effect on prolactin, antipsychotics can be classified into two groups: prolactin-sparing (PS) and prolactin-raising (PR). Our previous study has demonstrated that clozapine which is among the PS antipsychotics is beneficial for BMD when compared with PR antipsychotics in women with chronic schizophrenia. We have also found that risks factors associated with low BMD are different between men and women, suggesting that gender-specific risk factors should be considered for intervention of bone loss in patients with schizophrenia. This article reviews the effects of antipsychotics use on BMD with particular discussion for the differences on gender and age, which implicate the alterations of sex and other related hormones. In addition, currently reported protective and risk factors, as well as the effects of medication use on BMD including the combination of antipsychotics and other psychotropic agents and other potential medications are also reviewed.
참고문헌 (131)
- Hugenholtz GW, "Risk of hip", femur fractures in patients using antipsychotics, 2005, pp.37, 864~870
- Howard L, "Risk of hip fracture in patients with a history of schizophrenia", Br J Psychiatry, 190, pp.129~134 (2007)
- Takahashi T, "The impact of prolactin-raising antipsychotics on bone mineral density in patients with schizophrenia:findings from a longitudinal observational cohort", Schizophr Res, 147, pp.383~386 (2013)
- Stubbs B, "Schizophrenia and the risk of fractures:a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis", Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 37, pp.126~133 (2015)
- Holt RI, "Osteoporosis in people with severe mental illness:A forgotten condition", Maturitas, 67, pp.1~2 (2010)
- Stubbs B, "A meta-analysis of prevalence estimates and moderators of low bone mass in people with schizophrenia", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 130, pp.470~486 (2014)
- Javaid MK, "Understanding osteoporosis", J Psychopharmacol, 22(2 Suppl), pp.38~45 (2008)
- Simon JA, "Prevention and management of osteoporosis", Clin Cornerstone, (Suppl 2), pp.S5~S12 (2003)
- Lorentzon M, "Osteoporosis: the evolution of a diagnosis", J Intern Med, 277, pp.650~661 (2015)
- Golob AL, "Osteoporosis: screening, prevention, and management", Med Clin North Am, 99, pp.587~606 (2015)
- Kanis JA, "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report", Osteoporos Int, 4, pp.368~381 (1994), WHO Study Group
- Meaney AM, "Effects of long-term prolactin-raising antipsychotic medication on bone mineral density in patients with schizophrenia", Br J Psychiatry, 184, pp.503~508 (2004)
- O'Keane V, "Antipsychotic drugs: a new risk factor for osteoporosis in young women with schizophrenia?", J Clin Psychopharmacol, 25, pp.26~31 (2005)
- Renn JH, "Bone mass in schizophrenia and normal populations across different decades of life", BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 10, pp.1~ (2009)
- Gudelsky GA, "Tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons and the regulation of prolactin secretion", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 6, pp.3~16 (1981)
- Peveler RC, "Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinaemia:clinical recommendations", J Psychopharmacol, 22(2 Suppl), pp.98~103 (2008)
- Kollin E, "Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women", N Engl J Med, 304, pp.1362~1363 (1981)
- Dickson RA, "Hormonal side effects in women: typical versus atypical antipsychotic treatment", J Clin Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 3), pp.10~15 (2000)
- Klibanski A, "Effects of prolactin and estrogen deficiency in amenorrheic bone loss", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67, pp.124~130 (1988)
- Kishimoto T, "Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia inhibits the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and reduces bone mineral density in male patients with schizophrenia", J Clin Psychiatry, 69, pp.385~391 (2008)
- Khosla S, "Estrogen and theskeleton", Trends Endocrinol Metab, 23, pp.576~581 (2012)
- Kinon BJ, "Improvement in hyperprolactinemia and reproductive comorbidities in patients with schizophrenia switched from conventional antipsychotics or risperidone to olanzapine", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, pp.577~588 (2006)
- Riggs BL, "Involutional osteoporosis", N Engl J Med, 314, pp.1676~1686 (1986)
- Kenny AM, "Osteoporosis. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment in older adults", Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 26, pp.569~591 (2000)
- Seriwatanachai D, "Evidence for direct effects of prolactin on human osteoblasts:Inhibition of cell growth and mineralization", J Cell Biochem, 107, pp.677~685 (2009)
- Kanis JA, "Smoking and fracture risk: a metaanalysis", Osteoporos Int, 16, pp.155~162 (2005)
- Gonnelli S, "Obesity and fracture risk", Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab, 11, pp.9~14 (2014)
- Chesnut CH 3rd, "Bone mass and exercise", Am J Med, 95, pp.34S~36S (1993)
- Holbrook TL, "A prospective study of alcohol consumption and bone mineral density", BMJ, 306, pp.1506~1509 (1993)
- Cooper MS, "Glucocorticoids, bone and energy metabolism", Bone, 82, pp.64~68 (2016)
- Pocock NA, "Genetic determinants of bone mass in adults. A twin study", J Clin Invest, 80, pp.706~710 (1987)
- Burge RT, "The cost of osteoporotic fractures in the UK:projections for 2000-2020", J Med Econ, 4, pp.51~62 (2001)
- Peet M, "Diet, diabetes and schizophrenia: review and hypothesis", Br J Psychiatry Suppl, 47, pp.S102~S105 (2004)
- Wark JD, "Osteoporotic fractures: background and prevention strategies", Maturitas, 23, pp.193~207 (1996)
- Crews MP, "Is antipsychotic treatment linked to low bone mineral density and osteoporosis? A review of the evidence and the clinical implications", Hum Psychopharmacol, 27, pp.15~23 (2012)
- Kishimoto T, "Osteoporosis and fracture risk in people with schizophrenia", Curr Opin Psychiatry, 25, pp.415~429 (2012)
- Soundy A, "Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in outpatients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis", Int J Ther Rehabil, 20, pp.588~595 (2013)
- DE Hert M, "Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care", World Psychiatry, 10, pp.52~77 (2011)
- Vancampfort D, "A meta-analysis of cardiometabolic abnormalities in drug naïve, first-episode and multi-episode patients with schizophrenia versus general population controls", World Psychiatry, 12, pp.240~250 (2013)
- Delva NJ, "Osteopenia, pathological fractures, and increased urinary calcium excretion in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia", Biol Psychiatry, 26, pp.781~793 (1989)
- Doknic M, "Bone remodeling, bone mass and weight gain in patients with stabilized schizophrenia in real-life conditions treated with long-acting injectable risperidone", Neuroendocrinology, 94, pp.246~254 (2011)
- Hummer M, "Osteoporosis in patients with schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 162, pp.162~167 (2005)
- de Leon J, "A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors", Schizophr Res, 76, pp.135~157 (2005)
- Jung DU, "Bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in older patients with schizophrenia", J Clin Psychopharmacol, 31, pp.406~410 (2011)
- Yoon V, "The effects of smoking on bone metabolism", Osteoporos Int, 23, pp.2081~2092 (2012)
- Kessler RC, "The prevalence and correlates of nonaffective psychosis in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)", Biol Psychiatry, 58, pp.668~676 (2005)
- Sampson HW, "Alcohol's harmful effects on bone", Alcohol Health Res World, 22, pp.190~194 (1998)
- Janghorbani M, "Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture", Am J Epidemiol, 166, pp.495~505 (2007)
- Dazzan P, "Neurological soft signs in firstepisode psychosis: a systematic review", Br J Psychiatry Suppl, 43, pp.s50~s57 (2002)
- Partti K, "Skeletal status in psychotic disorders:a population-based study", Psychosom Med, 72, pp.933~940 (2010)
- "NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy, March 7-29, 2000: highlights of the conference", South Med J, 94, pp.569~573 (2001)
- Bonnick SL, "Bone densitometry in clinical practice:application and interpretation" (2010), Humana Press
- Czerwiński E, "Radiologic diagnosis and densitometry of osteoporosis", Przegl Lek, 54, pp.220~225 (1997)
- Kanis JA, "Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk", Lancet, 359, pp.1929~1936 (2002)
- Leslie WD, "Application of the 1994 WHO classification to populations other than postmenopausal Caucasian women: the 2005 ISCD Official Positions", J Clin Densitom, 9, pp.22~30 (2006)
- Binkley N, "Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Executive Summary of the 2005Position Development Conference", J Clin Densitom, 9, pp.4~14 (2006)
- Heidari B, "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry diagnostic discordance between Z-scores and T-scores in a young Iranian population", Med J Islam Repub Iran, 28, pp.151~ (2014)
- Swaminathan K, "Search for secondary osteoporosis: are Z scores useful predictors?", Postgrad Med J, 85, pp.38~39 (2009)
- Carey JJ, "DXA-generated Z-scores and T-scores may differ substantially and significantly in youngadults", J Clin Densitom, 10, pp.351~358 (2007)
- Gilsanz V, "Peak trabecular vertebral density: a comparison of adolescent and adult females", Calcif Tissue Int, 43, pp.260~262 (1988)
- Farr JN, "Skeletal changes through the lifespan--from growth to senescence", Nat Rev Endocrinol, 11, pp.513~521 (2015)
- Ferlin A, "Testicular function and bone metabolism--beyond testosterone", Nat Rev Endocrinol, 9, pp.548~554 (2013)
- Mellström D, "Older men with low serum estradiol and high serum SHBG have an increased risk of fractures", J Bone Miner Res, 23, pp.1552~1560 (2008)
- Amin S, "Estradiol, testosterone, and the risk for hip fractures in elderly men from the Framingham Study", Am J Med, 119, pp.426~433 (2006)
- Goderie-Plomp HW, "Endogenous sex hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the risk of incident vertebral fractures in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, pp.3261~3269 (2004)
- Falahati-Nini A, "Relative contributions of testosterone and estrogen in regulating bone resorption and formation in normal elderly men", J Clin Invest, 106, pp.1553~1560 (2000)
- Hannemann A, "Osteocalcin is associated with testosterone in the general population and selected patients with bone disorders", Andrology, 1, pp.469~474 (2013)
- Barrett-Connor E, "The association of concurrent vitamin D and sex hormone deficiency with bone loss and fracture risk in older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study", J Bone Miner Res, 27, pp.2306~2313 (2012)
- Cauley JA, "Estrogen and bone health in men and women", Steroids, 99, pp.11~15 (2015)
- Irwig MS, "Bone health in hypogonadal men", Curr Opin Urol, 24, pp.608~613 (2014)
- Watts NB, "Osteoporosis in men:an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97, pp.1802~1822 (2012)
- Yarrow JF, "Testosterone and adult male bone: Actions independent of 5α-reductase and aromatase", Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 43, pp.222~230 (2015)
- Smith EP, "Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man", N Engl J Med, 331, pp.1056~1061 (1994)
- Morishima A, "Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, pp.3689~3698 (1995)
- Arpaci D, "Serum testosterone does not affect bone mineral density in postmenopausal women", Arch Endocrinol Metab, 59, pp.292~296 (2015)
- Khosla S, "Relationship of serum sex steroid levels and bone turnover markers with bone mineral density in men and women: a key role for bioavailable estrogen", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, pp.2266~2274 (1998)
- Kalantaridou SN, "Testosterone therapy in premenopausal women", Semin Reprod Med, 24, pp.106~114 (2006)
- Hummer M, "Hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia", Curr Med Res Opin, 20, pp.189~197 (2004)
- Lin CH, "Sex-specific factors for bone density in patients with schizophrenia", Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 30, pp.96~102 (2015)
- Bushe C, "A review of the association between antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinaemia", J Psychopharmacol, 22(2 Suppl), pp.46~55 (2008)
- Kinon BJ, "Bone loss associated with hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia", Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses, 7, pp.115~123 (2013)
- Kinon BJ, "Hyperprolactinemia in response to antipsychotic drugs : characterization across comparative clinical trials", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(Suppl 2), pp.69~82 (2003)
- 이태영, "Bone Density in Chronic Schizophrenia with Long-Term Antipsychotic Treatment: Preliminary Study", PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION, 7(4), pp.278~284 (2010), 대한신경정신의학회
- Jung DU, "Prevalence of bone mineral density loss in Korean patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study", J Clin Psychiatry, 67, pp.1391~1396 (2006)
- Bergemann N, "High bone turnover but normal bone mineral density in women suffering from schizophrenia", Psychol Med, 38, pp.1195~1201 (2008)
- Wei QS, "Serum osteopontin levels in relation to bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women", Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 76, pp.33~39 (2016)
- Bolton JM, "Risk of low bone mineral density associated with psychotropic medications and mental disorders in postmenopausal women", J Clin Psychopharmacol, 31, pp.56~60 (2011)
- Greenspan SL, "Osteoporosis in men with hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism", Ann Intern Med, 104, pp.777~782 (1986)
- Abraham G, "Effects of elevated serum prolactin on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in female patients with schizophrenia: a prospective study", Am J Psychiatry, 160, pp.1618~1620 (2003)
- Masi G, "Prolactin levels in young children with pervasive developmental disorders during risperidone treatment", J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 11, pp.389~394 (2001)
- Paparrigopoulos T, "Amisulpride-induced hyperprolactinemia is reversible following discontinuation", Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 31, pp.92~96 (2007)
- Kearns AE, "Risperidone-associated hyperprolactinemia", Endocr Pract, 6, pp.425~429 (2000)
- Plenge P, "Lithium effects on calcium, magnesium and phosphate in man: effects on balance, bone mineral content, faecal and urinary excretion", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 66, pp.361~373 (1982)
- Zamani A, "Lithium's effect on bone mineral density", Bone, 44, pp.331~334 (2009)
- Kerbage H, "Effect of SSRIs on bone metabolism", Encephale, 40, pp.56~61 (2014)
- Ak E, "Evaluation of the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on bone mineral density: an observational cross-sectional study", Osteoporos Int, 26, pp.273~279 (2015)
- Misra M, "Effects of psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medications on prolactin and bone metabolism", J Clin Psychiatry, 65, pp.1607~1618 (2004)
- Yang S, "Association between beta-blockers and fracture risk: a Bayesian meta-analysis", Bone, 51, pp.969~974 (2012)
- Bjarnason NH, "Early response in biochemical markers predicts long-term response in bone mass during hormone replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women", Bone, 26, pp.561~569 (2000)
- Zaitseva OV, "Biochemical markers of bone collagen type I metabolism", Ukr Biochem J, 87, pp.21~32 (2015)
- Christenson RH, "Biochemical markers of bone metabolism:an overview", Clin Biochem, 30, pp.573~593 (1997)
- Tanaka K, "Serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide region of type I collagen (ICTP) and carboxyterminal parathyroid hormone-related protein (C-PTHrP) in hematological malignancies with bone lesions and hypercalcemia", Rinsho Ketsueki, 39, pp.273~280 (1998)
- Fukunaga M, "Bone quality and bone metabolism (marker)", Clin Calcium, 14, pp.561~565 (2004)
- Okita K, "Second-generation antipsychotics and bone turnover in schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 157, pp.137~141 (2014)
- Chen XX, "Roles of leptin in bone metabolism and bone diseases", J Bone Miner Metab, 33, pp.474~485 (2015)
- Potvin S, "Antipsychotic-induced changes in blood levels of leptin in schizophrenia: a metaanalysis", Can J Psychiatry, 60(3 Suppl 2), pp.S26~S34 (2015)
- Ventriglio A, "Metabolic issues in patients affected by schizophrenia: clinical characteristics and medical management", Front Neurosci, 9, pp.297~ (2015)
- Ducy P, "Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass", Cell, 100, pp.197~207 (2000)
- Yadav VK, "A serotonin-dependent mechanism explains the leptin regulation of bone mass, appetite, and energy expenditure", Cell, 138, pp.976~989 (2009)
- Leinninger GM, "Leptin acts via leptin receptor-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons to modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system and suppress feeding", Cell Metab, 10, pp.89~98 (2009)
- Takayanagi Y, "Relationships between serum leptin level and severity of positive symptoms in schizophrenia", Neurosci Res, 77, pp.97~101 (2013)
- Liu-Seifert H, "Osteopenia associated with increased prolactin and aging in psychiatric patients treated with prolactin-elevating antipsychotics", Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1032, pp.297~298 (2004)
- Sugawara N, "Effect of age and disease on bone mass in Japanese patients with schizophrenia", Ann Gen Psychiatry, 11, pp.5~ (2012)
- "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group", World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 843, pp.1~129 (1994)
- Rariy CM, "Higher serum free testosterone concentration in older women is associated with greater bone mineral density, lean body mass, and total fat mass:the cardiovascular health study", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, pp.989~996 (2011)
- Paxton RJ, "Associations between body size and serum estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in premenopausal African American women", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, pp.E485~E490 (2013)
- Pappagallo M, "The effect of atypical antipsychotic agents on prolactin levels in children and adolescents", J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 14, pp.359~371 (2004)
- Colao A, "Prolactinomas in adolescents: persistent bone loss after 2 years of prolactin normalization", Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 52, pp.319~327 (2000)
- Cranney A, "Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health", Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep), (158), pp.1~235 (2007)
- Howes OD, "Comment on Hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia", Curr Med Res Opin, 20, pp.1649~ (2004)
- Hamner M, "The effects of atypical antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels", Ann Clin Psychiatry, 14, pp.163~173 (2002)
- Klibanski A, "Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women", N Engl J Med, 303, pp.1511~1514 (1980)
- Gentile S, "Contributing factors to weight gain during long-term treatment with second-generation antipsychotics. A systematic appraisal and clinical implications", Obes Rev, 10, pp.527~542 (2009)
- Domecq JP, "Clinical review: Drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 100, pp.363~370 (2015)
- Bainbridge KE, "Risk factors for low bone mineral density and the 6-year rate of bone loss among premenopausal and perimenopausal women", Osteoporos Int, 15, pp.439~446 (2004)
- Lin CH, "Clozapine protects bone mineral density in female patients with schizophrenia", Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 15, pp.897~906 (2012)
- Wang H, "Quetiapine inhibits osteoclastogenesis and prevents human breast cancer-induced bone loss through suppression of the RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways", Breast Cancer Res Treat, 149, pp.705~714 (2015)
- Kawamura H, "Inhibitory effect of chlorpromazine on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cells", J Pharmacol Sci, 117, pp.54~62 (2011)
- Meaney AM, "Bone mineral density changesover a year in young females with schizophrenia: relationship to medication and endocrine variables", Schizophr Res, 93, pp.136~143 (2007)
- Walther S, "Objectively measured motor activity in schizophrenia challenges the validity of expert ratings", Psychiatry Res, 169, pp.187~190 (2009)
- Vancampfort D, "The functional exercise capacity is correlated with global functioning in patients with schizophrenia", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 125, pp.382~387 (2012)
