19세기 영국 여성의 “성장”과 성장소설의 역동성
Female Development in Nineteenth-Century England and Dynamics of the Bildungsroman
1
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 논문은 19세기 영국 여성의 “성장”에 관한 소설들이 성장소설이라는 장르와 맺고 있는 복합적 관계를 역사적으로 살펴보고 성장소설이 가지고 있는 역동성을 잘 구현하고 있는 작품들이 여성의 “성장”에 관한 소설임을 밝히고자 한다. 일반적으로 18세기 말 독일에서 시작된 것으로 보는 성장소설은 자아의 발전을 통해 사회와 화해해 가는 과정을 그린 것으로 논의되고 있다. 그러나 본 논문은 성장소설을 자아의 무한한 가능성을 이상화하면서 동시에 사회와의 통합이라는 제한적인 목표를 제시하는 데에서 오는 자아와 사회 사이의 갈등을 표현하는 서술 형식으로 파악하고, 그 갈등을 정치적･사회적 구조에 대한 비판과 연결시키면서 그 사이의 모순과 긴장을 드러낼 때 성장소설이라는 장르가 지닌 잠재적 전복성을 구현하는 역동성을 발휘할 수 있다고 본다. 성장소설이 지닌 이러한 잠재적 전복성을 잘 구현하고 있는 작품들이 19세기 여성 작가들이 그린 여주인공의 이야기라고 할 수 있다. 이들은 분리영역 이데올로기로 인하여 결혼 외에는 경제적으로도 사회적으로도 의미 있는 삶을 살아갈 수 있는 방법이 없었기 때문에 여성의 독립성이나 자율성을 근본적으로 불가능하게 하는 사회로부터의 소외를 절실히 체험하였다. 젠더라는 요소로 인해 자아의 발전과 사회와의 통합 사이의 갈등이 배가 되었던 여주인공의 한 예로 제인 에어를 들 수 있다. 『제인 에어』는 여성 성장을 이야기하되 모순적이고 반의적인 의미들을 다양하게 삽입시키는 수법을 통해 균열을 냄으로써 여성 “성장”의 의미를 새롭게 정의하고 자아의 발전을 불가능하게 하는 사회적 구조에 의문을 제기함으로써 성장소설이 가진 역동성을 발휘한 대표적인 작품이다.
Abstract
This paper attempts to examine complicated relations which the nineteenth-century English novel of female development has with the Bildungsroman genre, and to discuss that the story of female development effectively realizes the potential dynamics of the genre. It looks into the history of discussions on the Bildungsroman which began at the end of the nineteenth-century in Germany and developed among twentieth-century Anglo-American critics, and those on the female development which didn’t start until feminist criticism ventured out at the end of 1970s, and have developed into various perspectives ever since in accordance to the progress of feminist criticism. In general, Bildungsroman criticism considers that it portrays the process how the protagonist develops self and achieves an accommodation with society. However, this paper points out that the Bildungsroman is the narrative form which represents conflicts between self and society caused by idealizing the infinitive possibility of self-determination while simultaneously presenting the limited goal of social integration. It argues that the subversive dynamics of the genre can give full play to its potential when it reveals contradictions and tensions between individual subjectivity and integration into society and connects them with criticism of political and social structures. It is the stories of female Bildungshelds depicted by nineteenth-century female writers that exquisitely embody the subversive potential of the Bildungsroman. They acutely experience alienation from society where independency or autonomy is fundamentally impossible because the ideology of separate spheres does not allow them to live a meaningful life economically and sociologically outside the marriage. An example of a female Bildungsheld whose conflicts between development of self and integration with society are doubled by gender is Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is a representative Bildungsroman with subversive dynamics, which tells the story of female development but splits itself through various techniques inserting contradictory and opposite meanings, thus resignifying female development and questioning social and political structures.
참고문헌 (31)
- Alden, Patricia, "Social Mobility in the English Bildungsroman: Gissing, Hardy, Bennett, and Lawrence" (1986), University of Michigan Press
- Abel, Elizabeth, "The Voyage In: Fictions in Female Development" (1983), University Press of New England
- Althusser, Louis, "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, In Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays", pp.127~186 (1971), Monthly Review Press
- Bakhtin, M. M., "Speech Genres and Other Late Essays" (1986), University of Texas Press
- Barney, Richard A., "Subjectivity, the Novel, and the Bildung Blocks of Critical Theory", Genre, 26, pp.359~375 (1993)
- Bodenheimer, Rosemarie, "Jane Eyre in Search of Her Story", Papers on Language and Literature, 16, pp.387~402 (1980)
- Brontë, Charlotte, "Jane Eyre" (1966), Penguin Books
- Buckley, Jerome Hamilton, "Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding" (1974), Harvard University Press
- Campbell, Ian, "The Brontës and Power", Brontë Studies, 30, pp.1~6 (2005)
- Castle, Gregory, "Reading the Modernist Bildungsroman" (2006), The University Press of Florida
- Ellis, Lorna, "Appearing to Diminish : Female Development and the British Bildungsroman, 1750-1850" (1999), Associated University Presses
- Fraiman, Susan, "Unbecoming Women: British Women Writers and the Novel of Development" (1993), Columbia University Press
- Frye, Joanna, "Living Stories, Telling Lives" (1985), University of Michigan Press
- Gallagher, Susan Van Zanten, "Jane Eyre and Christianity, In Approaches to Teaching Brontë’s Jane Eyre", pp.62~68 (1993), The Modern Languages Association
- Gilbert, Sandra M., "The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination" (1979), Yale University Press
- Griesinger, Emily, "Charlotte Brontë’s Religion : Faith, Feminism, and Christianity and Jane Eyre", Christianity and Literature, 58(1), pp.29~59 (2008)
- Hardin, James, "Reflection and Action : Essays on the Bildungsroman, Columbia, South" (1991), University of South Carolina Press
- Howe, Susanne, "Wilhelm Meister and His English Kinsmen : Apprentices to Life" (1930), Columbia University Press
- Jeffers, Thomas L., "Apprenticeships : The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana" (2005), Palgrave MacMillan
- Kontje, Todd, "Private Lives in the Public Sphere: The German Bildungsroman as Metafiction" (1992), The Pennsylvania State University Press
- Lazzaro-Weis, Carol, "The Female Bildungsroman : Calling It into Question", NWSA Journal, 2, pp.16~34 (1990)
- Leavis, Q. D., "The Englishness of the English Novel, In Collected Essays, Volume One: The Englishness of the English Novel", pp.303~327 (1983), Cambridge University Press
- Maynard, John, "The Brontës and Religion, In The Cambridge Companion to the Brontës", pp.192~213 (2002), Cambridge University Press
- Moretti, Franco, "The Way of the World: The Bildungsroman in European Culture" (2000), Verso
- Pratt, Annis, "Archetypal Patterns in Women’s Fiction" (1981), Indiana University Press
- Rosmarin, Adena, "The Power of Genre" (1985), University of Minnesota Press
- Showalter, Elaine, "A Literature of Their Own : British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing" (1977), Princeton University Press
- Smith, John H., "Cultivating Gender: Sexual Difference, Bildung and the Bildungsroman", Michigan Germanic Studies, 13(2), pp.206~225 (1987)
- Summerfield, Giovanna, "New Perspectives on the European Bildungsroman" (2010), Continuum
- Swales, Martin, "The German Bildungsroman from Wieland to Hesse" (1978), Princeton University Press
- Tennyson, G. B., "The Bildungsroman in Nineteenth-Century English Literature, In Medieval Epic to the “Epic Theater” of Brecht", pp.135~146 (1968), University of Southern California Press