우리의 가면을 잃으며: 전통 가면극과 변화하는 바베이도스 정체성 구인(構因)
Losing our masks: traditional Masquerade and Changing Constructs of Barbadian Identity
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가면극은 이제까지 바베이도스 퍼포먼스 문화의 중심이었다. ‘섀기 베어(Shaggy Bear)’나 ‘미스터 하딩(Mr. Harding)’과 같은 가면극은 아프리카계 바베이도스인들의 역사와 체험을 담고 있었다. 노예제도, 해방, 식민통치 등 파란을 겪으면서도 퍼포먼스는 이어졌다. 독립기에 접어들며 이상적인 바베이도스 문화 정체성을 제시하기 위해 가면극 재연이민족주의자들의 우선과제에 포함되었다. 가면극의 아프리카계 바베이도스인 문화요소가 식민시대 영국의 잔재를 제거하고 새 시대를 여는데 필수적이라고 간주되었다. 그러나 정책입안자들이 소위 이상적인정체성을 정해놓고 그 틀에 가면극을 꿰어 맞추려고 하면서 문제가 있다고 판단된 내용을 수정하기도 했고, 아예 무대에 올리지 않게 되기도했으며, 일부는 소실되었다. 이 글은 전통 가면극의 관점에서 변화하는바베이도스 정체성 구인을 조명한다. 또한 바베이도스의 공식 역사 서사에서 제외되었던 역사를 소개하며, 카리브해 연안국가로서 국가 문화를 구축하는 데 있어 도전과제는 무엇인지 알아본다.
Abstract
Masquerade has been central to Barbadian performance culture. Such cultural forms as the ‘Shaggy Bear’ and ‘Mr. Harding’ have been part of the African-Barbadian historical narrative and lived experience. Many performed their way through slavery, emancipation and colonialism. In the independence period, these forms were corralled into the nationalist agenda and were given the additional responsibility of illustrating an ideal Barbadian cultural identity. Their African-Barbadian elements were seen as necessary ammunition in the new era against the colonial notion of the ever-anglicised Barbadian. However, as the policy makers redesigned the masquerade to fit the presumed ideal identity, masking traditions that were deemed problematic were changed, some were lost, and/ or excluded from the national space. This article examines the ways in which traditional masquerade gives insight into changing constructs of Barbadian identity. It captures some of the histories that have been marginalised in the official historical narrative of the island. It also explores some of the challenges faced in designing a national culture in a Caribbean space.
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