반페트라르카주의와 여성혐오를 향하여: 소네트 전통에 대한 셰익스피어와 던의 저항
Toward Anti-Petrarchanism and Misogyny: Shakespeare and Donne's Defiance against the Traditional Sonnet System
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This thesis aims to show that both Shakespeare and Donne would reject Petrarchan conventions which came from courtly love in the Middle Age, and which represented a lover who suffered agonies and sickness of body and spirit at the caprices of a woman who had power over him and was very cruel to him. This rejection or defiance led Shakespeare to invent Dark Lady who was regarded as an ugly and detestable woman internally or morally as well as externally or physically. Unlike “old age”(127:1), “now”(127:3) the standard sonnet process of the idealization of the woman was impossible, and the sonnets took the demonization of the woman. The new period was differentiated as one in which merely simple reflection of the ideal woman disappeared. Therefore, the dark lady could be accepted as an icon of this new age. Shakespeare, though he sometimes employed the Petrarchan conceit himself, parodied some standard comparisons by Petrarchan sonneteers. As we know in Sonnet 130, we find that unlike a star like Stella in Sidney' work, Dark Lady was a common and black woman. In Petrarchan sonnets, the lady was ideally beautiful and virtuous. In contrast to this the Dark lady had no beauty or virtue. Donne was also inclined to parody and satirize the ‘Platonic’ poets who were to admire the external beauty of their mistresses as the manifestation of an internal beauty. We can find interrelations between love and politics in John Donne's The Songs and Sonnets. Donne was discomforted with serving a woman as in courtly love. He offered a different kind of service, which was clearly sexual. This kind of service rather restored male dignity; for it meant not servitude but mastery. In this respect he tried to abhor and debase a queen vertically in terms of politics and a woman horizontally in terms of private love. In The Songs and Sonnets, especially negative love poems, he had a mind to subvert a woman's rule and disrupt both court society and English church which had a belief in hierarchical order within a strict framework of social uniformity, which was basically the result of the concept of honor. The lovers in Donne's poetry attempted to be free from the mastery of a queen/a woman and reassert masculine sovereignty. To achieve this goal he, by acting on anti-Petrarchanism, disdained and abhorred the woman who was apt to be inconstant as well as untrue.
Abstract
This thesis aims to show that both Shakespeare and Donne would reject Petrarchan conventions which came from courtly love in the Middle Age, and which represented a lover who suffered agonies and sickness of body and spirit at the caprices of a woman who had power over him and was very cruel to him. This rejection or defiance led Shakespeare to invent Dark Lady who was regarded as an ugly and detestable woman internally or morally as well as externally or physically. Unlike “old age”(127:1), “now”(127:3) the standard sonnet process of the idealization of the woman was impossible, and the sonnets took the demonization of the woman. The new period was differentiated as one in which merely simple reflection of the ideal woman disappeared. Therefore, the dark lady could be accepted as an icon of this new age. Shakespeare, though he sometimes employed the Petrarchan conceit himself, parodied some standard comparisons by Petrarchan sonneteers. As we know in Sonnet 130, we find that unlike a star like Stella in Sidney' work, Dark Lady was a common and black woman. In Petrarchan sonnets, the lady was ideally beautiful and virtuous. In contrast to this the Dark lady had no beauty or virtue. Donne was also inclined to parody and satirize the ‘Platonic’ poets who were to admire the external beauty of their mistresses as the manifestation of an internal beauty. We can find interrelations between love and politics in John Donne's The Songs and Sonnets. Donne was discomforted with serving a woman as in courtly love. He offered a different kind of service, which was clearly sexual. This kind of service rather restored male dignity; for it meant not servitude but mastery. In this respect he tried to abhor and debase a queen vertically in terms of politics and a woman horizontally in terms of private love. In The Songs and Sonnets, especially negative love poems, he had a mind to subvert a woman's rule and disrupt both court society and English church which had a belief in hierarchical order within a strict framework of social uniformity, which was basically the result of the concept of honor. The lovers in Donne's poetry attempted to be free from the mastery of a queen/a woman and reassert masculine sovereignty. To achieve this goal he, by acting on anti-Petrarchanism, disdained and abhorred the woman who was apt to be inconstant as well as untrue.
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