‘여호와는 목자, 이스라엘은 그의 양이라’: 미가서의 목양 은유 연구
'YHWH IS A SHEPHERD, AND ISRAEL HIS SHEEP': A Study of the Pastoral Metaphor in the Book of Micah
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미가서 연구에 있어서 ‘목양 은유’는 미가서에 문학적, 신학적 통일성을 제공하는 중요한 요소로 인식되고 있다. 특히 크루즈(Juan Cruz)는 ‘법정 은유’와 함께 ‘목양 은유’를 미가서를 구성하는 주요 은유로 제시하는데, 후자가 2:12-13; 4:6-7; 5:2-5a; 7:14-20에서 사용되면서 심판 당한 언약 백성의 회복 프로그램을 묘사하고 있다고 주장한다. 그러나 크루즈의 연구는 두 가지 측면에서 아쉬움을 남긴다. 첫째로, 크루즈가 목양 은유를 회복에 관련된 구절에 국한하여 분석함으로써, 미가서에서 목양 은유가 갖는 기능을 축소한다. 둘째로, 크루즈는 미가서의 목양 은유를 통해 언약 백성의 회복 프로그램이 일관되게 제시되어 있는지 여부에 관심을 둠으로써, 확장되거나 변형된 형태의 목양 은유가 포함된 구절들은 그의 연구 대상에서 제외하고 있다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 본 연구는 두 가지 측면에서 방법론적 보완을 시도한다. 첫째로, 크루즈가 다루는 구절들 뿐 아니라 그가 다루지 않은 구절들(2:1-5, 8-10; 3:1-4, 5:5b-9)을 은유 분석에 포함시켜 언약 백성의 심판과 회복의 프로그램이 목양 은유를 통해 통일성있게 제시됨을 보여준다. 둘째로, 래코프(George Lakoff)와 그의 동료들의 은유 이론을 차용하여, 각 구절에서 다양하게 표현되는 목양 은유가 ‘여호와는 목자, 이스라엘은 그의 양이라’라는 ‘근본 은유’에 어떻게 응집되는지(cohere) 살펴본다. 이를 통해 목양 은유가 미가서의 문학적, 신학적 통일성을 이해하는 데에 기여함을 보여준다.
Abstract
The ‘pastoral metaphor’ in the book of Micah is recognized as an important element for the study of the book’s literary and theological unity. Juan Cruz, in particular, proposes that ‘legal metaphor’ and ‘pastoral metaphor’ are two major metaphors employed in the book of Micah, and that the latter is used in 2:12-13; 4:6-7; 5:2-5a; 7:14-20 to describe the program of the restoration of the people of God under judgment. However, Cruz’s study is regrettable for two reasons. First, Cruz limits his analysis of the pastoral metaphor to the passages where Israel’s restoration is presented. In so doing, he downplays the function of the pastoral metaphor in the message of the book of Micah. Second, he is concerned with how consistently the pastoral metaphor in the book of Micah is employed to present the program of restoration. In so doing, he excludes from his analysis those passages where the pastoral metaphor is either extended or transformed. In order to overcome these limitations, this research makes a methodological remedy in two ways. First, it includes in the analysis those passages where the pastoral metaphor occurs, passages both Cruz analyzes and he does not (i.e., 2:1-5, 8-10; 3:1-4, 5:5b-9). In so doing, it attempts to demonstrate that the pastoral metaphor serves to present coherently the program of the restoration through the judgment of the peope of God. Second, it employs the theory of metaphor that George Lakoff and his colleagues have developed. Specifically, it investigates whether or not the diverse metaphorical expressions related to pastoral activities cohere to the basic metaphor ‘YHWH IS A SHEPHERD, AND ISRAEL HIS SHEEP.’ Through this analysis it demonstrates that the pastoral metaphor of the book of Micah contributes to the understanding of the book’s literary and theological unity.
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