『일승법계도』에 나타난 실천사상

Abstract

Some scholars argue that Uisang(義相, 625-702)’s Korean hwaeom (C. huayen) thought is more ‘practical’ than Chinese hwaeom. This paper examines several practical characteristics from the organization and thought of Uisang’s major work, the Ilseoungbeopgye-do(一乘法界圖) or the Chart of the Dharma-world of the One Vehicle. This paper elucidates four practical characteristics found in Uisang’s Ilseoungbeopgye-do. The first is practical orientation, which is the thought of Ilseoung-Bobeop (一乘普法) or one vehicle(一乘, S. ekayana) as the universal dharma, which harmonizes the highest teaching of the hwaeom one vehicle with the universal dharma originated in ‘Three Stages Teaching’(三階敎, Sanjie jiao). Through this thought Uisang makes the practical orientation clear and concentrates all teachings such as five teachings and the five vehicles on the teaching of one vehicle. Secondly the thought of dharma-nature nature-arising(法性性起), means the original nature arising itself without depending on anything. This presents the practical ground on Uisang’s hwaeom thought. Nature-arising means the appearance of tathagata(如來) and the manifestation of the dharma-world(法界, dharma-dhātu) through ocean seal samādhi(海印三昧, S. sāgaramudrā-samādhi) found in the Flower Adornment Sutra or the Avatamsaka-sūtra. Zhiyan’s(智儼) systematized theory of dependent co-arising of the dharmaworld consists of two categories: ‘defiled co-arising’(染門緣起) and ‘pure coarising’( 淨門緣起). Defiled co-arising is relevant to the three vehicles(三乘, S.triyana) and pure co-arising is relevant to one vehicles. Uisang goes a step further from Zhiyan’s theory by concentrating on nature-arising as well as pairing ‘nature-arising’ and ‘dependent co-arising.’ He focuses on the practical meaning from the standpoint of nature-arising or non-discriminating middle way. Thirdly in the practical step, Uisang proposes a comprehensive understanding of ten stages(十地) or bodhisattva’s typical practice steps through the six characteristics of conditioned phenomena(六相) that is one of traditional theories of Di Lun school(地論宗). Through these steps, a practitioner can achieve all stages if he is one with his original nature and practices non-doing regardless of the stages. Finally this is about the practical way. In the process attaining Buddhahood and renouncing the discriminating tendency, Uisang says every practitioner ‘Buddha originated from past’(舊來佛), the viewpoint of non-discriminating middle way or ‘middle way originated from past.’(舊來中道) So every practitioner can attain Buddhahood and renounce the discriminating tendency in every moment and every moment. In conclusion, the practical characteristic of Uisang’s hwaeom thought is the practice based on nature-arising which does not diverge from ocean seal samādhi and dharma-nature. This practice is doing nothing but doing everything and though doing everything doing noting. I argue that by focusing on the original nature, this practice highlights the significance of Buddhism’s practical aspect.