인도-동남아시아의 해양 실크로드와 7~9세기 밀교(密敎)의 확산: 동아시아 불교 구법승(求法僧) 의 활동과 관련하여
Transfer of Tantric Buddhism Across Maritime Silk Road of India and Southeast Asia Between 7th-9th Century
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6세기 힌두교의 쉬바파 딴뜨라의 영향으로 시작된 인도불교의 밀교적 경향은 7세기부터 본격적으로 스리랑카를 포함한인도네시아의 수마트라, 자바, 말레이시아 반도에 영향을 끼친다. 7세기 이후에 밀교가 광범위하게 퍼진 것은 해양항로가발달한 것뿐 아니라 각 왕국의 정치적 필요성, 불교의 생존전략, 그리고 상인 집단의 후원 등이 시의 적절한 교점을 찾았기때문이라고 보아야 할 것이다. 이 종교적 전파는 이미 기원전부터 인도와 스리랑카 그리고 동남아 사이에 발전해 왔던 오랜 해상 무역로를 토대로 확산한 것이며, 당연히 밀교의 중심지는 항로를 따라 인도와 동남아시아의 주요 무역항으로 전파되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이와 같이 확산한 동남아시아의 밀교 전통과 학문적 네트워크는 동아시아의 구법승들이 새로운 전통과 경전을 찾아 인도와 동남아시아를 찾았을 때 더 큰 역할을 보여준다. 구법승들은 자신이 구하고자 했던 학문의 전통과 경전의 입수에 더 쉽게 접근할 수 있었는데, 현장과 의정과 같은 중국의 구법승들이 그러한 노정을 잘 보여준다. 마찬가지로 인도에서 중국으로 건너갔던 인도의 밀교 승려들에게도 인도와 동남아시아에 형성된 해상 무역로는 동아시아에 밀교 전통이 정착할 수 있는 무형의 문화적 토대가 되어주었다.
Abstract
Around 7th century A. D., the Buddhist tantric tradition of India quickly spread across neighboring countries like S´ri Lanka and other Southeast Asia areas like Sumatra, Java, and Malaysia peninsula; the speed of its influence was even faster than that of the S´aiva tantric tradition, which was also spreading around the same time. This was due to the conjoint result of few different conditions: the international maritime trade network, missionary zeal, Buddhist mariner communities, and the political interests of the royal family. The rapid proliferation of the Indian tantric Buddhism into Southeast Asia, however, depended heavily on the maritime trade route that had been in long-time use in business between India and Southeast Asia. This provides the answer for the question, in India or Southeast Asia, of why we have found many historical remains of Tantric Buddhism in the ancient port areas or the sites that can be reached through the rivers from the sea port. The network of Tantric tradition established in Southeast Asia from the 7th century is well attested by the YiJing’s travelogue that appears to have been a quest for the learning of the tantra system and the collection of tantric texts. Like the Chinese monks pursuing Tantric study on the sea trade route, Indian Tantric masters took to the very same sea route to go to China in order to establish the proper lineage of tantric transmission.
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