인도 밀교의 형성과정

Abstract

There are various views on formation of Esoteric Buddhism of India in the East and West because of difference in setting scope of Esoteric Buddhism. Characteristics of Esoteric Buddhism were arranged in the Sutras of the middle Esoteric Buddhism after the 7th century. Esoteric Buddhism is classified to the early Esoteric Buddhism and the late Esoteric Buddhism based on the period above. The study summarized Sutras of the early Esoteric Buddhism in Chinese version by age and content. And the author could arrange formation process of Esoteric Buddhism of India including its origin and material in the Mahāyāna Buddhism as follows. First, origin and material of Esoteric Buddhism of India could be known because practice methods or ritual related to ancient religion in India appeared in Sutras of the early Esoteric Buddhism. Second, most parts of Sutras of the early Esoteric Buddhism show teachings focused on Dhāraṇī, helpful for life in this world, for example, profit in reality. And it was known that Dhāraṇī was included to the early Mahāyāna Sutras. This is related to popularization of Buddhism in Mahāyāna Buddhism. And this means that Mahāyāna Buddhism actively accepted Indian religious culture. Third, in the development process of Sutras of the early Esoteric Buddhism, ritual of offering ․ Mudra ․ Meditation ․ Ritual of Maṇḍala etc. were gradually added according to age along with Dhāraṇī. So the author could find formation process of Three Secret Practices, Maṇḍala etc. in the middle Esoteric Buddhism of India. Fourth, as a goal of practice in Buddhism which is Enlightenment was suggested in the related Sutras in the translation into Chinese for Sutras of the early Esoteric Buddhism, especially in the translation by Heoung Jang, it started to be actively related to practice in Buddhism. Fifth, based on philosophical meaning of Mahāyāna Buddhism such as thought of Madyamika and thought of Yogacāra etc., practice and ritual of Esoteric Buddhism had been made on Chinese version of Sutras of the early Esoteric Buddhism after the 6th century. In the process, content to notice formation of Sutras of the middle Esoteric Buddhism could be found.