Another perspective on the Opium Wars (1839~ 42 and 1856~60) : An inevitable clash of the European and East Asian world orders
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The Opium Wars are generally understood to be a result of radicalized trade conflicts between Qing China and European powers. However, these wars should be regarded as a clash of the Sinocentric tributary system and the European Westphalian system, as both victorious powers—France and Great Britain—preferentially made highly politico-diplomatic demands. This collision between two world orders was inevitable due to their incompatibility in terms of ideological bases and operation methods. Furthermore, the extreme inflexibility of the Sinocentric tributary system made its coexistence with the European Westphalian system impossible. As a result of this clash, the Sinocentric tributary system collapsed, and East Asia became integrated into the European Westphalian system. Finally, this completed the global expansion of a universal world order originating from Europe that every nation and continent could share, such as the liberal one of today.
Abstract
The Opium Wars are generally understood to be a result of radicalized trade conflicts between Qing China and European powers. However, these wars should be regarded as a clash of the Sinocentric tributary system and the European Westphalian system, as both victorious powers—France and Great Britain—preferentially made highly politico-diplomatic demands. This collision between two world orders was inevitable due to their incompatibility in terms of ideological bases and operation methods. Furthermore, the extreme inflexibility of the Sinocentric tributary system made its coexistence with the European Westphalian system impossible. As a result of this clash, the Sinocentric tributary system collapsed, and East Asia became integrated into the European Westphalian system. Finally, this completed the global expansion of a universal world order originating from Europe that every nation and continent could share, such as the liberal one of today.
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