여성인권에 접근하는 네덜란드의 양면성 : 일본군 위안부와 네덜란드의 바타비아 군사재판을 중심으로
Antinomy of the Dutch approach to Japanese ‘comfort women’: Focusing on the Batavia Military Tribunal
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2차세계대전 직후 네덜란드령 동인도(지금의 인도네시아)에서 네덜란드가 주관했던 바타비아 임시군사재판의 판결에 나타난 식민주의적 가치관과 여성인권에 접근하는 네덜란드의 양면성을 살펴보고자 한다. 네덜란드 임시군사재판은 전쟁범죄로 기소된 강제 성매매 피고인들에게 역사상 처음으로 형을 선고했을 뿐만 아니라, 위안소 운영의 실태와 일본군의 조직적인 개입 및 유럽여성을 대상으로 한 강제동원의 사실을 증명해 보인다는 점에서 그 역사적 의의가 매우 크다. 반면, 이 재판은 분명한 한계성과 모순을 지니고 있다. 위안부 문제는 세계 보편적인 성폭력과 인권유린의 사례로 언급되지만, 2차 대전 후 위안부 문제와 성폭력문제에 접근하는 네덜란드의 태도는 인종과 성별을 초월한 보편적 잣대를 보이지 못하며, 서구중심적 오리엔탈리즘과 식민주의, 성차별주의의 양상을 드러내고 있다. 바타비아 임시군사재판은 백인 유럽여성의 품위와 명예를 상대적으로 우월하고 중요하게 간주하며 인도네시아여성을 대상으로 한 위안부 문제는 재판에서 배제되어 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 인도네시아 독립전쟁(1945-1949)기간 동안에 행해진 네덜란드 동인도군(KNIL)의 전쟁범죄에 대한 재판인 ‘현지군사재판’의 성폭력 재판에서도 인도네시아 여성인권은 ‘피식민’과 ‘여성’이라는 이중적 ‘타자’의 위치에서 무시되고 침묵 되었음을 발견할 수 있다. 이렇듯 일본군 위안부문제에 접근하는 네덜란드 군사재판의 사례는 인종차별, 성차별, 식민주의 역사와 관련하여 앞으로 우리가 풀어 가야 할 많은 과제들을 시사한다.
Abstract
In this paper, focusing on the judgment of the Batavia Temporary Court Martial (Temporaire Krijgsraad) which was held by the Netherlands in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) immediately after World War II, I would like to view that there was coercion in the mobilization of comfort women. The Temporary Court Martial not only sentenced victims of forced prostitution charged with war crimes to prison sentences for the first time in history, but also proved the reality of the operation of comfort stations, the systematic intervention of the Japanese military, and the fact of forced mobilization of European women. In that sense, it has great historical significance. On the other hand, this trial has obvious limitations and ambivalences. At that time, Dutch courts dealt only with crimes against European women (white Dutch and Indo-Dutch). Neither the Dutch government report nor records of the Temporary Court Martial included the issue of Indonesian comfort women. Therefore, I would like to reflect on the fact that there were more Asian comfort women who experienced human rights violations and sexual violence in history by examining this colonial way of thinking in the trial process. The Batavia Military Tribunal gives us questions about how we should approach the comfort women issue in the future based on the standard of universal human rights.
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