불투수면 저감기법의 유출량 및 오염부하량 저감 효과 분석
Analysing the effect of impervious cover management techniques on the reduction of runoff and pollutant loads
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불투수면(IC)이란 빗물 등의 강수가 토양 속으로 침투할 수 없는 포장 지역이라 정의할 수 있으며,일반적으로 도시화 과정에서 형성되는 불투수면은 주로 도로(Drive way), 인도(Sidewalk), 주차장(Parking lot), 건물의 지붕(Roof) 등의 형태로 나타난다. 불투수면의 증가는 유출계수를 증가시켜 강수의 침투량 및 지하수 수위를 감소시킨다. 이로 인해 홍수기에 직접 유출량과 홍수피해를 증가시키고, 갈수기에는 하천의 건천화를 유발하여 수생태계를 악화시킨다. 미국 환경부에서는 불투수면을 저감하기 위한 주요정책으로 LID(Low Impact Development) 또는 GI(Green Infrastructure)의 도입을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시 유역의 강우-유출 및 수질 해석을 위해 SWMM모형을 구축하고, 도시 유역의 대표적인 토지이용 유형에서 불투수면 영향 저감을 위한 다양한 LID 기법을 적용하고 그 효과를 평가하였다. 모형의 보정기간은 2009년 7월 17일, 검정기간은 2009년 8월 11일이며, 강우유출발생시 측정한 실측데이터를 사용하여 검·보정을 하였다. 아파트, 학교, 도로, 공원 등으로 구성된 복합용지에 투수성 포장(Pervious cover)과 옥상녹화(Green roof)기법을 단계별로 적용하고 유출량 및 오염부하 저감에 미치는영향을 모의한 결과, 유역 내 불투수면이 투수면으로 전환되는 비율이 증가함에 따라 강우시 발생하는 유출량과 오염물질 부하량의 저감 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 건물 옥상 녹화 및 주차장과 도로에 투수성 포장을 적용한 경우, 총 유출량은 15~61 %의 저감효과를 보였으며, 오염부하량에 대해서는 TSS22~72 %, BOD 23~71 %, COD 22~71 %, TN 15~79 %, TP 9~64 %의 저감효율을 나타냈다.
Abstract
Impervious covers(IC) are artificial structures, such as driveways, sidewalks, building’sroofs, and parking lots, through which water cannot infiltrate into the soil. IC is an environmentalconcern because the pavement materials seal the soil surface, decreasing rainwater infiltration andnatural groundwater recharge, and consequently disturb the hydrological cycle in a watershed. Increase of IC in a watershed can cause more frequent flooding, higher flood peaks, groundwaterdrawdown, dry river, and decline of water quality and ecosystem health. There has been anincreased public interest in the institutional adoption of LID(Low Impact Development) andGI(Green Infrastructure) techniques to address the adverse impact of IC. The ohjectives of this studywere to construct the modeling site for a samll urban watershed with the Storm Water ManagementModel(SWMM), and to evaluate the effect of various LID techniques on the control of rainfall runoffprocesses and non-point pollutant load. The model was calibrated and validated using the fielddata collected during two flood events on July 17 and August 11, 2009, respectively, and applied toa complex area, where is consist of apartments, school, roads, park, etc. The LID techniques appliedto the impervious area were decentralized rainwater management measures such as pervious coverand green roof. The results showed that the increase of perviousness land cover through LIDapplications decreases the runoff volume and pollutants loading during flood events. In particular,applications of pervious pavement for parking lots and sidewalk, green roof, and their combinationsreduced the total volume of runoff by 15~61 % and non-point pollutant loads by TSS 22~72 %, BOD23~71 %, COD 22~71 %, TN 15~79 %, TP 9~64 % in the study site.
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