북한산도선사의조선 후기불교조각

Abstract

Temples were consistently built and established in Bukhansan since the Silladynasty to the Joseon dynasty due to its correlation with Buddhism. Bukhansan isa very significant Buddhist historical site for studying and understanding the transitions of Korea’s Buddhist art because numerous Buddha statues, paintings,stonepagodas, Buddha, etc. were also created along with the temples. Especially during the Goryeo dynasty, numerous temples, Buddha statues, andpagodas were built in Bukhansan near Namgyeong (南京), which is one of the threecapitals of the time along with Gyegyeong, and Bukhansan has been known as aplace of devout Buddhist faith. During the Joseon dynasty, establishment of temples significantly decreasedunder the Uk-bul-soong-yoo (promotion of Confucianism and oppression of Buddhism) policy of the Neo-Confucianism ideology. However, Bukhansan remaineda pivotal point of Buddhism throughout the oppression and received support fromvarious social stratums including the royal family to maintain the temples. Currently, there are many temple sites throughout the Bukhansan region,butmost temples have been ruined and it is difficult to find its original forms. As forBuddhist arts, artworks dating back to before the unified Silla dynasty are rarelyfound. Majority of the retrieved artworks are from the Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. Doseonam (道詵庵), which is known to be the forerunner of Doseonsa templeestablished by monk Doseonguksa during the early Goryeo dynasty, is assumedto have been built during this time as well. Doseonam became the bodhimandaofPrincess Jeong-Ui, the daughter of King Sejong, during the early Joseon dynasty. Princess Jeong-Ui and her husband AhnMeng Dam rebuilt Munsusa temple in 1451(Munjong 1st) and largely contributed to temple reconstructions. The stone-carved Buddha, wooden Amita Buddha Triad, and Dokseong statuein Doseonsa templewere created during the late Joseon dynasty, and it indicatesthe characteristics of Buddhist statues and Buddhist faith of the time. In contrastto the early Joseon dynasty when Buddhism was widely repressed, the perceptionof Buddhism and monks began to change, and it led to a nation-wide increase ofBuddhist services and Buddha sculptures. Many temples were rebuilt especiallyin the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, and the representative examples of the templereconstruction funded by HeungseonDaewongun, Jo Daebi, Min Bi, etc. includeHeungcheonsa temple in Donam-dong, Seoul, Hwagyesa temple in Suyu-ri, Seoul,Heungguksa temple in Namyang-ju, Gyeonggi-do, Bogwangsa in Paju, and Yonggung-sa in Woonnam-dong, Incheon. As a result of thereconstruction, temples, Buddhist sculptures, paintings, and stone pagodas were newly constructed or rebuiltin the Bukhansan region.Buddhist services continued to flourish until the early20thcentury through the help of emperor Gojong, who supported the restoration ofthe Buddhist sanctuary of Doseonsa temple. The stone-carved Buddha statue and stone Dokseong statue in Doseonsa templeare interesting examples of a fusion of folk religion and Buddhism. It appears toretain the hopes and desires of mankind rather than an image of a Buddha statue,and it has a strong pagan sense based on its fusion with mountain spiritideologiesof Taoism. This indicates that Buddhist services survived in Doseonsa temple ofBukhansan even throughout the mid 19th century, which is immediately before thefall of the Joseon dynasty, through the influence of the Kim lineage of Andong, suchas Kim JwaGeun. Moreover, the fact that majority of stone-carved Buddhastatuesfrom the late Joseon dynasty are built in the Seoul region supports such historicalfacts. It appears to retain the political hopes and desires of restoring the power of theKim lineage of Andong, which was weakened since the reconstruction of Doseonsatemple. Also, the fact that monk sculptor Insung, who created the wooden AmitaBuddha sculpture and Daesaeji Buddha statue, also created the seated wooden Amita Buddha sculpture of Baekdamsa temple in Gangwon-do and the seated woodenKsitigarbha Bodhisattvaand Siwang statue indicate his relations to Buddhist sculptures from other regions, which makes it a significant reference for studying theBuddha sculptures from the late Joseon dynasty, as well as the sect relations ofmonk sculptors.