도선사 관음보살좌상을 통해 본 18세기 서울지역으로의 불상 이운 배경: 북한산성 승영사찰 개창을 중심으로

Abstract

Recently, Doseonsa stone seated Avalokiteshvara’s votive relics were found. Avalokiteshvara votive relics, which were enshrined in, were a votive document(發願文), a repairing votive document, Huryeongtong, two papers of torn lotus sutra. According to two votive documents, five monk sculptors were participated to render this Avalokiteshvara in 1670, and this Avalokiteshvara were relocated to Jingwansa in 1733. The leading monk sculptor, Seungho was one of the prominent figures in the late Joseon dynasty’s Buddhist sculpture history. He created over hundreds Buddhist images over thirty temples in Yeongnam area. This stone seated Avalokiteshvara is Seungho’s earliest work, by which it will help to provide a better understanding of Seungho’s stylistic development from the early stage to the mature. Two votive documents well reflect the phenomenon, in which we can trace the early 18th century Buddhist community’s history. Through the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu war of 1636, Buddhist community played a significant role to defend Joseon dynasty’s fate. Buddhist community’s contribution to preserve dynasty’s sovereignty could help to derive an amicable attitude from a ruling class of the Joseon dynasty. Also, Joseon dynasty’s ruling class need to exploit Buddhist community’s organizational as well as labor power to realign defend system, covering the capital city and other strategic points. One of plans to guard the capital city was to build a fortress in 1710-1711 on the Mt.Bukhan, whose location lies north of Seoul. The Joseon dynasty’s elite class decide to abuse Buddhist community’s labor power to construct this fortress and to exploit Buddhist community’s personnels to maintain Fortress’ security. For the fortress garrisons, most of composing of Buddhist monks, over 10 temples were newly constructed. To make up 350 garrison, all over the country’s temples had to sent a certain numbers of monks every two month. Bimonthly monks migration from all over the country might trigger off small temples renaissance such as Jingwansa and Dosensa underneath Bukhansanseong Fortress. Some of votive documents, which were found inside Buddha statues in Seoul, show that their original enshrined temples are not their present temples but somewheres in Jeonla province. These votive documents might indicate that these Buddha statues were moved because of Bukhansanseong garrison temples as well as other small temples underneath fortress. This study was started to provide an answer ‘why many the late Joseon dynasty Buddhist statues were enshrined in Eunpyeon-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Seongbuk-gu and Seodaemun-gu. These areas’s the late Joseon dynasty’s Buddhist statues might be transferred when 18th century Bukhansanseong Fortress were build. This study would help to enlarge the academical research point from monk sculptors’ stylistic development to sociohistorical approaches.