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중앙 유라시아 말의 사육화와 전차의 확산

The Domestication of the Horse in Central Eurasia and the Spread of the Chariot

김종일
인문학연구원 (Institute of Humanities, Seoul National University)|2023.02|인문논총 (Journal of Humanities, Seoul National University)|제80권 제1호|pp. 61-106|DOI 10.17326/jhsnu.80.1.202302.61

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키워드

전차Eurasia유라시아말Technological InnovationDomestication사육화기술적 혁신고유전체HorseWar ChariotAncient DNA
주제분류기타인문학

초록

말의 사육종화는 카자흐스탄 북부 지역 보타이 문화에서 시작되었을 가능성이높지만 보타이 문화의 사육종화된 말이 동서로 확산된 것이 아니라 이후 시기에 등장하는 흑해-카스피해 연안 혹은 신타쉬타 문화에서 사육화된 말이 전차와 함께 유럽과 아시아 지역으로 확산되며 기존의 말들을 대체했을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 흑해-카스피해 연안의 얌나 문화가 유럽의 승문토기 문화에 많은 영향을 끼친 동시에 얌나 문화와유럽의 승문토기문화가 신타쉬타 문화에 많은 영향을 주었을 것으로 추정된다. 원인도유럽인의 확산은 유럽의 경우, 이러한 얌나 문화의 서진과 관련이 있을 것으로 판단되며남아시아지역의 경우, 얌나 문화보다는 신타쉬타 문화의 영향에 의해 가능했을 것으로추정된다. 이렇듯 유라시아 선사시대 문화변동의 양상은 매우 복잡한 과정이며 따라서앞으로의 연구결과에 따라 지속적으로 새롭게 해석될 필요가 있다.

Abstract

It is possible that the domestication of the horse was implemented in the area of the Botai culture, located in the northern part of Kazakhstan. However, it is also true that the domesticated horse of the Botai culture did not spread east and west. Instead, the domesticated horse that emerged in the VolgaDon river region (of the Pontic-Caspian Sea region) and war chariot which was developed in the Sintashta culture, diffused into Europe and Asia, and replaced already existing indigenous horse. In addition, the Yamna culture (or Pit grave culture) of the Pontic-Caspian Sea influenced the Corded ware culture (and the Single grave culture) of Central and Eastern Europe. It is also assumed that the Yamna culture and the Corded ware culture of Europe affected the Sintashita culture in reverse. The Proto Indo-European language group spread into Europe with the Yamna culture and its westward advance. On the other hand, it is presumed that its advance toward South Asia was made by the Sintashta culture rather than the Yamna culture. Cultural change in prehistoric Eurasia is a very complicated process and thus it is necessary to reinterpret it continuously through applications of newly modified research.

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