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고고학 및 유전학적 연구결과를 중심으로 살펴본 사육 말의 기원과 확산에 관한 검토

Origin and Diffusion of Equus caballus from the Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives

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말은 인간 문명의 형성, 발전 및 그 확산에 가장 크게 영향을 끼친 가축으로 그 기원과 확산의 문제는 유라시아는 물론 전 세계 고고학 및 인류학 연구의 핵심적인 주제이다. 기존 연구 결과에 따르면 전 세계 사육마는 Y 유전자 다형성이 극도로 낮은 반면 미토콘드리아 유전자형이 매우 다양한데 이는 최초의 사육마가 시베리아 초원지대에서 약 5,500년 전 가축화한 이후 전 세계로 확산되어 각지의 야생 암말들과 교배하여 후손을 낳은 결과라고 추정되었다. 하지만 최근에는 활발한 유전체 분석을 통해 말 사육이 세계 각지에서 독립적으로 여러 차례 역사적으로 발생하였을 가능성 역시 무시할 수 없음이 밝혀졌다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 고고학 및 유전학적 연구 결과를 정리하여살펴보고 이를 토대로 우리나라 및 동아시아 말의 역사적 변천에 대한 향후 연구 전망에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 한반도에서는 예부터 다양한 종류의 말이 사육되었던 역사 기록을 찾아볼 수 있으나 아직 이에 대한 유전학적 연구는많지 않다. 역사 기록에 따르면, 13세기 몽골을 통해 한반도로 유입된 말들이 현대 말의 유전자형에 큰 영향을 주었을 것이라 짐작되므로 우리나라에 존재했던 옛 말 유전형은 큰 변화를 겪었을 것으로 생각된다. 다만 이러한 가능성을 학술적으로 확신하기에는 아직도 많은 자료가 필요하다는 점은 분명하며 우리나라 및 동아시아 고고학 발굴현장에서 발견되는 말 뼈에 대한 유전적 연구가 앞으로도 계속 시행될 필요가 있다.

Abstract

In terms of history, horses are domesticated animals that has most affected the development of human civilization. Genetic studies to date revealed that domesticated horses have extremely low Y chromosome polymorphism whereas their mitotypes are very diverse. This means that there was a genetic bottleneck by a few stallions that were first domesticated in the Eurasian steppe about 5,500 years ago. However, the most recent analyses also showed the possibility that wild horse’s gene might have been introgressed into the current genetic pool of Equus caballus during the spread of the domesticated horses. This review deals with the current view on the origin and diffusion of horses from archaeological, historical and genetic perspectives. Historical records of various types of horses raised on the Korean Peninsula have been found, but there is not much genetic research yet. According to historical records, the steppe horses introduced to the Korean Peninsula through Mongolia in the 13th century are believed to have greatly influenced the genotype of ancient Korean horses. However, it is clear that a lot of data is still needed to be academically convinced of this possibility, and genetic research on horse bones found at archaeological sites in Korea and East Asia needs to continue to be conducted in the future.

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