파국과 혼동의 시간: 1992년 로스앤젤레스 폭동과 LAPD
A Time of Confusion and Collapse: The Los Angeles Riots of 1992 and Los Angeles Police Department
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본 논문은 1992년 로스앤젤레스 폭동을 이해하기 위해 로스앤젤레스경찰국(LAPD)의 폭력과 무능을 검토한다. 1869년에 창설된 LAPD는 혁신주의 시기를 거치면서 정치적 영향으로부터 독립하기 시작했다. 하지만 LAPD의 개혁은 스스로를 공적인 통제의 예외로 만들고 말았다. 파커 경찰국장은 LAPD를 푸른 제복을 입은 프랑켄슈타인으로 탈바꿈시켰으며, 1978년부터 LAPD를 지휘했던 게이츠 경찰국장은 경찰의 군사화를 통해 LAPD의 난폭성을 더욱 자극하였다. 이 같은 LAPD는 92년 폭동 당시에 무능하기 짝이 없었다. 다른 대도시 경찰과 비교했을 때 LAPD는 많지 않은 인원으로 보다넓은 지역을 커버해야만 했기에 폭도들을 적극적으로 제압하지 않는 “연성순찰”을 택했다. 그렇지만 LAPD는 폭동 초기에 지휘 체계 이원화, 다른 공권력과의 공조 실패 등 무능한 면을 드러내기도 했다. 나아가 LAPD는 로드니 킹 사건 이후 외부로부터 개혁 압력을 받고 있었으며, 게이츠 경찰국장의 사임이 가시화되자 내부의 권력투쟁도 심각해졌다. 92년 4월 29일 로스앤젤레스의 비극은 LAPD의 무능에 의해 더욱 커질 수밖에 없었다.
Abstract
This essay examines the LAPD’s violence and incompetence to understand the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Established in 1869, the LAPD began to be separated from political influences in the Progressive Era. However, the reform of the LAPD eventually left the police department free from any public control. It was LAPD chief William H. Parker that transformed the police department into Frankenstein in a dark blue police uniform. Daryl Gates, chief of the LAPD from 1978 to 1992, stimulated police brutality through the militarization of police. Unexpectedly, however, the LAPD was incompetent during the 1992 riots. The reason why the LAPD relied on “soft control” was that it had to cover a larger territory with less officers compared with other police departments in major cities. But, it was also true that the police department showed incompetence when its command system was divided and it failed to cooperate with other law enforcement authorities. Furthermore, the LAPD was under external reform pressures after the beating of Rodney King, and began to experience internal bitter power struggles over the department’s next chief. April 29, 1992 became more tragic by the LAPD’s incompetence.
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