Does Higher Education Level Matter for The Reduction of Non-Renewable Energy Demand? Insights from the World’s Largest Greenhouse Gas Emitters
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study examines the impact of higher education on primary energy consumption and non-renewable energy usage for the world’s five largest greenhouse gas emitters, namely, China, the United States, India, Russia, and Japan. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach to cointegration is employed to annual data series taken from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators over the period 1971-2015. The empirical findings validate a U-shaped relationship between higher education and non-renewable energy for Japan, whereas higher education level increases it for China in the long run. Higher education level appears to discourage the usage of non-renewable energy in India and Russia in the long run, but not so effective. From a policy perspective, it urges governments of these economies to provide effective environmental education and knowledge to their people so that non-renewable energy usage would be lowered for a better environmental quality.
Abstract
This study examines the impact of higher education on primary energy consumption and non-renewable energy usage for the world’s five largest greenhouse gas emitters, namely, China, the United States, India, Russia, and Japan. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach to cointegration is employed to annual data series taken from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators over the period 1971-2015. The empirical findings validate a U-shaped relationship between higher education and non-renewable energy for Japan, whereas higher education level increases it for China in the long run. Higher education level appears to discourage the usage of non-renewable energy in India and Russia in the long run, but not so effective. From a policy perspective, it urges governments of these economies to provide effective environmental education and knowledge to their people so that non-renewable energy usage would be lowered for a better environmental quality.
참고문헌 (102)
- Testing the Causality Between Electricity Consumption, Energy Use and Education in Africa, "Abdelkarim, O. B.", William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan, ~, pp.Working Paper No. wp1084 (2014)
- Bakirtas, T., "The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Urbanization, and Economic Growth in New Emerging-Market Countries", Energy, 147, pp.110~121 (2018)
- Bårdsen, G., "Estimation of Long Run Coefficients in Error Correction Models", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 51(3), pp.345~350 (1989)
- Bano, S., "Identifying the Impacts of Human Capital on Carbon Emissions in Pakistan", Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, pp.1082~1092 (2018)
- Bowden, N., "The Causal Relationship between US Energy Consumption and Real Output : A Disaggregated Analysis", Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(2), pp.180~188 (2009)
- Brown, R. L., "Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), pp.149~163 (1975)
- Cheng, B. S., "Energy Consumption, Employment and Causality In Japan: A Multivariate Approach", Indian Economic Review, pp.19~29 (1998)
- Cheng, B. S., "Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling", Indian Economic Review, pp.39~49 (1999)
- Clemente, J., "Testing for a Unit Root in Variables with a Double Change in the Mean", Economics Letters, 59(2), pp.175~182 (1998)
- Dasgupta, M., "Energy, Environment and Globalization", pp.59~94 (2020), Springer
- Dogan, E., "CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), pp.1203~1213 (2016)
- Duan, J., "Analysis of the Relationship between Urbanisation and Energy Consumption in China", International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 15(4), pp.309~317 (2008)
- Engle, R.F., "Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing", Econometrica, pp.251~276 (1987)
- Elliott, R. J., "Energy Intensity and Foreign Direct Investment: A Chinese City-Level Study", Energy Economics, 40, pp.484~494 (2013)
- Elliott, R. J., "The Direct and Indirect Effect of Urbanization on Energy Intensity: A Province-Level Study for China", Energy, 123, pp.677~692 (2017)
- Fang, Z., "Handbook of Energy Finance: Theories, Practices and Simulations" (2019)
- Fukasaku, Y., "Energy and Environment Policy Integration: The Case of Energy Conservation Policies and Technologies in Japan", Energy Policy, 23(12), pp.1063~1076 (1995)
- Furuoka, F., "Natural Gas Consumption and Economic Development in China and Japan : An Empirical Examination of the Asian Context", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, pp.100~115 (2016)
- Ghosh, S., "Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in India", Energy Policy, 30(2), pp.125~129 (2002)
- Ghosh, S., "Long-term Equilibrium Relationship between Urbanization, Energy Consumption and Economic Activity : Empirical Evidence from India", Energy, 66, pp.324~331 (2014)
- Gill, C., "Learn to Conserve : The Effects of in-School Energy Education on at-Home Electricity Consumption", Energy Policy, 118, pp.88~96 (2018)
- Gross, C., "Explaining the(non-)Causality between Energy and Economic Growth in the US : A Multivariate Sectoral Analysis", Energy Economics, 34(2), pp.489~499 (2012)
- Gylfason, T., "Natural Resources, Education, and Economic Development", European Economic Review, 45(4-6), pp.847~859 (2001)
- Hair, J. F., "Multivariate Data Analysis" (1998), Prentice Hall
- Haider, S., "Does Industrialisation and Urbanisation Affect Energy Consumption: A Relative Study of India and Iran?", Economics Bulletin, 39(1), pp.176~185 (2019)
- Heo, J. Y., "The Causal Relationship between Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India", Energy Sources Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 6(2), pp.111~117 (2011)
- Hirano, Y., "Evaluation of the Impact of the Urban Heat Island on Residential and Commercial Energy Consumption in Tokyo", Energy, 37(1), pp.371~383 (2012)
- Hossain, S., "An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan", Low Carbon Economy, 3(A), pp.92~105 (2012)
- Höhne, N., "Regional GHG Reduction Targets Based on Effort Sharing: A Comparison of Studies", Climate Policy, 14(1), pp.122~147 (2014)
- Hu, S., "A Survey on Energy Consumption and Energy Usage Behavior of Households and Residential Building in Urban China", Energy and Buildings, 148, pp.366~378 (2017)
- The Effect of Education on A Country’s Energy Consumption: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries, "Inglesi-Lotz, R.", University of Pretoria, Department of Economics, ~, pp.Working paper, 22 (2017)
- Jebli, M. B., "Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries", Ecological Indicators, 60, pp.824~831 (2016)
- Johansen, S., "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration - With Appucations to the Demand for Money", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), pp.169~210 (1990)
- Kapusuzoğlu, A., "Causality Relationships between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Results from a Multi-Country Study", International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(2) (2014)
- Katircioğlu, S. T., "Estimating Higher Education Induced Energy Consumption: The Case of Northern Cyprus", Energy, 66, pp.831~838 (2014)
- Katircioğlu, S., "Testing the Role of Urban Development in the Conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey", Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), pp.741~746 (2018)
- Katircioglu, S., "Investigating the Role of Urban Development in the Conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from the Globe", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(15), pp.15029~15035 (2018)
- Katircioglu, S., "Does Higher Education System Moderate Energy Consumption and Climate Change Nexus? Evidence from a Small Island", Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 13(2), pp.153~160 (2020)
- Kirkpatrick, C., "The Effect of Environmental Regulation on the Locational Choice of Japanese Foreign Direct Investment", Applied Economics, 40(11), pp.1399~1409 (2008)
- Kodama, T., "Environmental Education in Formal Education in Japan", Japanese Journal of Environmental Education, 26(4), pp.21~26 (2017)
- Kraft, J., "On the Relationship between Energy and GNP", Journal of Energy and Development, pp.401~403 (1978)
- Le, T. H., "Dynamics between Energy, Output, Openness and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries", Applied Economics, 48(10), pp.914~933 (2016)
- Le, T. H., "Is energy Security A Driver for Economic Growth? Evidence from a Global Sample", Energy Policy, 129, pp.436~451 (2019)
- Le, T. H., "Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from Asia", Empirical Economics, 57(4), pp.1129~1156 (2019)
- Le, T. H., "Income Level and the Emissions, Energy, and Growth Nexus: Evidence from Asia and the Pacific", International Economics, 156, pp.193~205 (2018)
- Li, B., "Urbanisation and Its Impact on Building Energy Consumption and Efficiency in China", Renewable Energy, 34(9), pp.1994~1998 (2009)
- Lin, B., "Factors Influencing Renewable Electricity Consumption in China", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, pp.687~696 (2016)
- Liu, Y., "Exploring the Relationship between Urbanization and Energy Consumption in China using ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) and FDM (Factor Decomposition Model)", Energy, 34(11), pp.1846~1854 (2009)
- Liobikienė, G., "The Challenges and Opportunities of Climate Change Policy Under Different Stages of Economic Development", Science of the Total Environment, 642, pp.999~1007 (2018)
- Mallick, H., "Examining the Linkage Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India", Journal of Developing Areas, pp.249~280 (2009)
- Mahalik, M. K., "Is Skewed Income Distribution Good for Environmental Quality? A Comparative Analysis Among Selected BRICS Countries", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(23), pp.23170~23194 (2018)
- Mallick, H., "Does Skewed Pattern of Income Distribution Matter for the Environmental Quality? Evidence from Selected BRICS Economies with An Application of Quantile-on-Qauntile Regression (QQR) Approach", Energy Policy, 129, pp.120~131 (2019)
- Mahalik, M. K., "Do Educational Levels Influence the Environmental Quality? The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Demand in Selected BRICS Countries with a New Policy Perspective", Renewable Energy, 164, pp.419~432 (2021)
- Mahalik, M. K., "Assessing the Effectiveness of Total Foreign Aid and Foreign Energy Aid Inflows on Environmental Quality in India", Energy Policy, 149, pp.112015~ (2021)
- Mankiw, N. G., "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), pp.407~437 (1992)
- Mishra, S., "Renewable Energy Awareness and Education in India", Current Sustainable, 2016, pp.3(3), 72~79
- Nelson, R. R., "Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion, and Economic Growth", American Economic Review, 56(1, pp.2) (1966), 69~75
- Narayan, S., "Petroleum Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship: Evidence from the Indian States", Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development Journal, 26(1), pp.21~65 (2019)
- Ozturk, I., "The Causal Relationship between Energy Consumption and GDP in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania: Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach", Applied Energy, 87(6), pp.1938~1943 (2010)
- Ozturk, I., "Causality among Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Growth in India", Economic Research, 25(3), pp.752~775 (2012)
- Pachauri, S., "An Analysis of Cross-Sectional Variations in Total Household Energy Requirements in India Using Micro Survey Data", Energy Policy, 32(15), pp.1723~1735 (2004)
- Panayotou, T., "Demystifying the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Turning A Black Box into a Policy Tool", Environment and Development Economics, pp.465~484 (1997)
- Pao, H. T., "Modeling the CO2 Emissions, Energy Use, and Economic Growth in Russia", Energy, 36(8), pp.5094~5100 (2011)
- Paul, S., "Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: A Note on Conflicting Results", Energy Economics, 26(6), pp.977~983 (2004)
- Payne, J. E., "Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the US: An Empirical Note", Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 5(3), pp.301~307 (2010)
- Pesaran, M.H., "Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis (Windows version)" (1997), Oxford University Press
- Pesaran, M. H., "Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium" (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Pesaran, M. H., "Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), pp.289~326 (2001)
- Rafindadi, A. A., "Effects of Financial Development, Economic Growth and Trade on Electricity Consumption: Evidence from post-Fukushima Japan", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp.1073~1084 (2016)
- Rajneesh, "Do Trade Openness, Structure of the Economy and FDI Affect Energy Intensity in India? A Case for Including Energy Intensity as a Policy Parameter", Indian Economic Journal, 65(1-4), pp.172~192 (2017)
- Ren, L., "Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission During the Urbanization of Shandong Province, China", Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, pp.534~541 (2015)
- Sadorsky, P., "Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies", Energy Policy, 37(10), pp.4021~4028 (2009)
- Sadorsky, P., "Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil Prices in the G7 Countries", Energy Economics, 31(3), pp.456~462 (2009)
- Energy Efficiency in Russia: Untapped Reserves, "Sargsyan, G.", World Bank, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 46936 (2008)
- Shahbaz, M., "Does Urbanization Cause Increasing Energy Demand in Pakistan? Empirical Evidence from STIRPAT Model", Energy, 122, pp.83~93 (2017)
- Shahbaz, M., "Does Globalization Impede Environmental Quality in India?", Ecological Indicators, 52, pp.379~393 (2015)
- Shahbaz, M., "Testing the Globalization-Driven Carbon Emissions Hypothesis: International Evidence", International Economics, 158, pp.25~38 (2019)
- Shahbaz, M., "Human Capital and Export Diversification as New Determinants of Energy Demand in the United States", Energy Economics, 78, pp.335~349 (2019)
- Shiu, A., "Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in China", Energy Policy, 32(1), pp.47~54 (2004)
- Shen, L., "Dynamic Sustainability Performance during Urbanization Process between BRICS Countries", Habitat International, 60, pp.19~33 (2017)
- Shrestha, M.B., "Selecting Appropriate Methodological Framework for Time Series Data Analysis", Journal of Finance and Data Science, 4(2), pp.71~89 (2018)
- Shutaleva, A., "Environmental Education for Sustainable Development in Russia", Sustainability, 12(18), pp.7742~ (2020)
- Tsaurai, K., "Renewable Energy Consumption, Education and Economic Growth in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa", International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(2), pp.26~34 (2020)
- Salari, M., "Modeling Household Energy Expenditure in the United States", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, pp.822~832 (2017)
- Stern, D. I., "Energy and Economic Growth in the USA: A Multivariate Approach", Energy Economics, 15(2), pp.137~150 (1993)
- Stern, D. I., "A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the Role of Energy in the US Macroeconomy", Energy Economics, 22(2), pp.267~283 (2000)
- Tursoy, T., "Energy Consumption, Electricity, and GDP Causality: The Case of Russia, 1990-2011", Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, pp.653~659 (2016)
- Wadud, Z., "Modelling Energy Demand from Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of the UK", Applied Energy, 233, pp.816~826 (2019)
- Wang, Q., "Effects of Urbanisation on Energy Consumption in China", Energy Policy, 65, pp.332~339 (2014)
- Wang, Y., "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: A Multivariate Causality Test", Energy Policy, 39(7), pp.4399~4406 (2011)
- Yalta, A. T., "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: A Reconciliation", Energy Policy, 41, pp.666~675 (2012)
- Yang, J., "Impacts of Urbanization on Renewable Energy Consumption in China", Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, pp.443~451 (2016)
- Yilanci, V., "The Asymmetric Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Clean Energy Consumption in BRICS Countries: A Recently Introduced Hidden Cointegration Test", Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, pp.117786~ (2019)
- Yuan, J., "Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in China: Cointegration and Co-Feature Analysis", Energy Economics, 29(6), pp.1179~1191 (2007)
- Yuan, J. H., "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from China at Both Aggregated and Disaggregated Levels", Energy Economics, 30(6), pp.3077~3094 (2008)
- Zhang, D., "Oil Shock and Economic Growth in Japan: A Nonlinear Approach", Energy Economics, 30(5), pp.2374~2390 (2008)
- Zhang, Y. J., "Interpreting the Dynamic Nexus Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Russia", Energy Policy, 39(5), pp.2265~2272 (2011)
- Zhang, W., "The Influence of Energy Consumption of China on its Real GDP from Aggregated and Disaggregated Viewpoints", Energy Policy, 57, pp.76~81 (2013)
- Zhang-Wei, L., "Study on Relationship of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China", Physics Procedia, 24, pp.313~319 (2012)
- Zou, G., "Short-and Long-Run Effects Between Oil Consumption and Economic Growth in China", Energy Policy, 34(18), pp.3644~3655 (2006)
- Zou, B., "Rural Household Energy Consumption Characteristics and Determinants in China", Energy, 182, pp.814~823 (2019)
- Zivot, E., "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis", Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20(1), pp.25~44 (2002)
