중세 실크로드 문학 번역과 유목 정체성의 재편 양상 - <판차락차(Pan̂carakṣā)> 몽골본의 번역과 유통을 중심으로-

Abstract

This paper is a review of the Mongolian version of Pan̂carakṣā, which is the main text of literary translation accepted by the public at the center of the medieval Silk Road civilization exchange, crossing cultural boundaries. Focusing on this text, I paid attention to the tradition of translated literature of Mongolian nomads during the Pax-Mongolica period, which formed and enjoyed a new paradigm of East-West cultural exchange, which was different from the existing aspects of civilization exchange after the 13th century. In particular, focusing on the efforts of the northern nomadic empire to translate various foreign-language nuclear sources into their own language, the exchange and reorganization of northern nomadic literature was examined. Pan̂carakṣā is originally a Buddhist scripture written in ancient Indian Sanskrit, and it can be said to be a healing literature based on the spirituality of the five guardian goddesses(守護佛母). Pan̂carakṣā was actively distributed in various languages and scripts such as Tibetan, Chinese, Phaspa, Mongolian Bichig scripts etc. Among them, the Pan̂carakṣā Mongolian version was one of the works that were taken seriously in the realm of scholarship, spanning major fields such as religion, philosophy, language, literature, culture, and art in Mongolian literary translation. The influential immigrants of Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty reduced the need for the principle of transcribing and translating foreign languages into their own languages, and mobilized a large number of multinational intellectuals to make efforts to translate foreign literary texts into their own languages. In this process, various versions of Pan̂carakṣā promoted cultural and technological development, such as transcription, translation, printing, and bookmaking. In addition, this powerful translational literature served as a major opportunity for the reorganization and expansion of nomadic identity that crosses boundaries. In particular, Mongolian translation literature centered on the scriptures in the process of indigenization of Buddhism, a representative foreign religion in medieval Mongolia, such as Pan̂carakṣā. Also yet, the literary identity peculiar to the Mongolian nomads showed strong adherence. Most of all, the identity of Mongolian nomads with strong mythos such as nature worship, shamanism, and heroic myths, through logos of foreign religious philosophy such as medieval Buddhist scriptures, strengthens the characteristics of forming more powerful nomadic mythos+ such as a Mongolian heroic epic, Tuuli.