시리아의 정치변동에 관한 연구
A Study on Political Changes in Syria
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이 연구는 시리아의 정치변동 과정의 연구로 아랍민족주의 정당인 바쓰당의 성립과 시리아 정치체제 형성과정에서의 바아쓰당의 역할 및 현재 시리아의 정치 상황을 종합적으로 분석하고 있다. 시리아는 아랍 세계에서 아랍민족주의가 가장 먼저 형성된 국가로 시리아의 정치 권력의 중앙에 바아쓰당이 있다. 시리아의 건국에 강한 영향을 끼친 바아쓰당(Ba’ath Party)은 아랍민족주의와 사회주의가 결합한 아랍사회주의 바아쓰당(신바아쓰당, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party) 당이 그 토대가 되었다. 시리아 군부 독재를 형성하였던 하피즈 알아사드는 바아쓰당 출신이었으며, 그의 정치적 기반은 아랍민족주의에 기반을 둔 바아쓰당이었던 것이다. 2012년 시작된 아랍 민주화 시위 당시에 시리아에서도 민주화를 요구하는 시민들이 등장하였는데, 시리아 정부는 이들 시민세력을 강경 진압하였다. 이로 인하여 시리아내에서 시민들에 대한 학살이 이루어졌고 정치적 혼란을 맞게 되었다. 그러나 민주화 시위 초기의 인권탄압에도 불구하고, 서구세력의 개입이 이루어지지 않음으로써, 바아쓰당을 기반으로 하는 바샤르 알아사드(Bashar Hafez al-Assad)의 독재체제가 더욱 강화되었다. 아랍 민주화 시위로 인하여 독재 권력이 무너졌던 튀니지, 이집트, 리비아, 예멘 등과 달리, 시리아는 아직도 40여 년간 부자세습을 통해 권력을 승계한 바샤르 알아사드가 대통령직을 유지하고 있다. 현재 시리아는 지배 세력인 바아쓰당의 알라위(Alawites)파와 순니(Sunni)파 세력, ISIS 잔존세력과 반정부 단체 및 친정부 세력, 미국, 러시아, 사우디아라비아 등 외부 세력의 개입으로 인하여 10년 이상 혼란한 국면을 겪어오고 있다이 연구는 시리아의 정치구조에 강한 영향을 행사해온 바아쓰당 성립의 역사적 배경과 아랍민족주의의 발생, 국가 형성에 있어 바아쓰당의 역할 및 아랍 민주화 시위 이후 외부 세력의 개입이 시리아 정치변동에 끼친 영향을 연구하고 있다.
Abstract
This study makes theoretical discussion on Nationalism, followed by the analysis of the organization of the Ba'ath Party, nationalist party and power changes in the party in the process of subsequent formation of the political system of Syria. There was a massacre in Syria as a civil war broke out at the early stage of the pro-democracy protests starting in 2012, but no interruption of the West and outside power resulted in the stronger establishment of the internal dictatorship. Hence the sustenance of chaotic situations for over ten years due to the power struggles between the Ba'ath Party, Sunni faction, anti-government groups including ISIL and pro-government forces. Nevertheless, Bashar al-Assad still holds presidency of Syria, which has been inherited from a father to a son for over 40 years, unlike Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen where dictatorships collapsed due to the Arab pro-democracy protests. This study also analyzes how ISIS's power expansion and the interruption of outside powers such as the U.S., Russia and Saudi Arabia caused chaotic situations in Syria even though the country had cracked down on the civic movement against the government that occurred in the country at the early stage of the Arab pro-democracy protests. This study has been conducted on the basis of the historical background of the formation of the Ba'ath Party that had a strong influence on the political structure of Syria, the rise of Arab Nationalism, the organization of the Ba'ath Party in the formation of state, and the influence that the interruption of outside powers after the Arab pro-democracy protests had on the political changes in Syria.
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