북유럽 입양인 문학에 나타난 국외입양 비판론 연구:마야 리 랑배드의 작품을 중심으로
Arguments For and Against Transnational Adoption in Nordic Adoptee Literature: Focusing on Works by Maja Lee Langvad
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양부모 양육 수기와 차별화된 입양인 창작활동이 20세기 후반부터 활발해지는 추세이다. 입양인 인권운동과 비판적 입양 연구, 미디어 활동을 통해 국외 입양 제도의 폐해를 유색인종 입양인의 시각에서 조명하는 시도가 문학계에서도 나타난다. 분노한 입양인들의 집단발화 형태로 개념시를 쓰는 덴마크 시인 마야 리 랑배드는국외 입양 제도를 옹호하는 사회에 경종을 울린다. 랑배드는 아시아계 여성 겨냥인종주의, 이윤 추구 수단으로 변질된 국외 입양 제도의 현주소, 전 지구적 착취의 일환으로 전락한 재생산 정책을 비판한다. 랑배드를 비롯한 입양인들의 활약에 힘입어 북유럽에서는 긍정적으로만 인식되던 국외 입양 제도의 이면이 차츰 알려지는 등 입양 관련 여론변화와 정책 선회가 나타나고 있다. 국외 입양 급감, 정책변경 과정에서 입양인 의견 청취, 여론변화에 입양인 문학의 영향을 배제하기 어렵다. 랑배드의 작품들은 사회적 의제화를 추동하며 소수자 문학의 정치적 가능성을 보여주고 있다.
Abstract
Adoptee literatures have been published since the late 1990s in Scandinavia. Adoptee memoirs are different from previous adoption discourses led mainly by adoptive parents and non-adoptee writers. A small number of adoptees put great emphasis on adoptee rights movement, critical adoption studies as well as media activities to disseminate a more balanced understanding of transnational adoption at the present. When it comes to literature, several Nordic adoptees have been writing on their lives as non-Caucasian citizens living in Scandinavia. They try to reveal hidden aspects of life as adoptees, focusing their attention on everyday racism, and searching for identity, loss, and ambivalent feelings towards their birth parents and South Korea. This paper centres on conception poems written by a Danish poet named Maja Lee Langvad who writes about the transnational adoption system from an angry adoptee perspective. The pain of Korean adoptees is due to three factors: everyday racism, problematic adoption policy, and the negative effects of the adoption system in Denmark. Her poems speak for a great number of adoptees. Her poems say differently about current transnational adoption, trying to change public opinion on adoption, and subsequently encouraging better adoption politics and better reproduction policy in both South Korea and Denmark.
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